Editing Clostridium perfringens (section)

== Metabolic processes ==
''C. perfringens'' is an aerotolerant anaerobe bacterium that lives in a variety of environments including soil and human intestinal tract.<ref name="Ohtani-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Ohtani |first1=Kaori |last2=Shimizu |first2=Tohru |date=2016-07-05 |title=Regulation of Toxin Production in Clostridium perfringens |journal=Toxins |language=en |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=207 |doi=10.3390/toxins8070207 |pmid=27399773 |issn=2072-6651|doi-access=free |pmc=4963840 }}</ref> ''C. perfringens'' is incapable of synthesizing multiple amino acids due to the lack of genes required for biosynthesis.<ref name="Ohtani-2016" /> Instead, the bacterium produces enzymes and toxins to break down host cells and import nutrients from the degrading cell.<ref name="Ohtani-2016" />

''C. perfringens'' has a complete set of [[enzyme]]s for [[glycolysis]] and [[glycogen]] metabolism. In the fermentation pathway, [[pyruvate]] is converted into [[acetyl-CoA]] by [[pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase]], producing [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] gas and reduced [[ferredoxin]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Shimizu |first1=Tohru |last2=Ohtani |first2=Kaori |last3=Hirakawa |first3=Hideki |last4=Ohshima |first4=Kenshiro |last5=Yamashita |first5=Atsushi |last6=Shiba |first6=Tadayoshi |last7=Ogasawara |first7=Naotake |last8=Hattori |first8=Masahira |last9=Kuhara |first9=Satoru |last10=Hayashi |first10=Hideo |date=2002-01-22 |title=Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens , an anaerobic flesh-eater |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=996–1001 |doi=10.1073/pnas.022493799 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=117419 |pmid=11792842|bibcode=2002PNAS...99..996S }}</ref> Electrons from the reduced ferredoxin are transferred to protons by hydrogenase, resulting in the formation of hydrogen molecules (H2) that are released from the cell along with [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]. Pyruvate is also converted to [[Lactic acid|lactate]] by [[lactate dehydrogenase]], whereas acetyl-CoA is converted into [[ethanol]], [[acetate]], and [[butyrate]] through various enzymatic reactions, completing the [[anaerobic glycolysis]] that serves as a potential main energy source for ''C. perfringens''. ''C. perfringens'' utilizes a variety of sugars such as [[fructose]], [[galactose]], [[glycogen]], [[lactose]], [[maltose]], [[mannose]], [[raffinose]], [[starch]], and [[sucrose]], and various genes for [[Glycolysis|glycolytic]] enzymes. The amino acids of these various enzymes and sugar molecules are converted to [[propionate]] through [[propionyl-CoA]], which results in energy production.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>