Editing Cluj-Napoca (section)

===Middle Ages===
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| quote = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]] 1000–1526<br />{{flagicon image|Coa Hungary Country History John I of Hungary (Szapolyai) (1526-1540).svg}} [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]] 1526–1570<br />{{flagicon image|Arms of Transylvania in Cod. icon. 391.svg}} [[Principality of Transylvania (disambiguation)|Principality of Transylvania]] 1570–1804<br />{{flag|Austrian Empire}} 1804–1867<br />{{flagicon|Hungary|1896}} [[Austria-Hungary]] 1867–1918 <small>(''de jure'' Hungary [[Treaty of Trianon|until 1920]])</small><br />{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} 1920–1940 <small>(''de facto'' [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|from 1918]] to 1940)</small><br />{{flag icon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]] 1940–1945<br />{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} 1945–1947<br />{{flag|Romanian People's Republic}} 1947–1965<br />{{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania}} 1965–1989<br />{{flag|Romania}} 1989–present}}
[[File:Cluj by Joris Hoefnagel, 1617 (v2).jpg|thumb|left|''"Claudiopolis, Coloswar vulgo Clausenburg, Transilvaniæ civitas primaria"''. Gravure{{ref label|a|a|none}} of Cluj by Georg Houfnagel (1617)]]
At the beginning of the [[Middle Ages]], two groups of buildings existed on the current site of the city: the wooden fortress at [[Mănăștur|Cluj-Mănăștur]] (''Kolozsmonostor'') and the civilian settlement developed around the current ''Piața Muzeului'' (Museum Place) in the city centre.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/><ref>Alicu 2003, p.9</ref> Although the precise date of the conquest of Transylvania by the [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] is not known, the earliest Hungarian artifacts found in the region are dated to the first half of the tenth century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |title=Românii în opera Notarului Anonim |publisher=Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Fundația Culturală Română |year=2001 |isbn=973-577-249-3 |location=Cluj-Napoca}}</ref> In any case, after that time, the city became part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] made the city the seat of the [[Counties of Hungary (1000–1920)#Royal counties (late tenth century – late 13th century)|castle county]] of Kolozs, and King Saint [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]] founded the abbey of Cluj-Mănăștur (''Kolozsmonostor''), destroyed during the [[Tatars|Tatar]] invasions in 1241 and 1285.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> As for the civilian colony, a castle and a village were built to the northwest of the ancient Napoca no later than the late 12th century.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> This new village was settled by large groups of [[Transylvanian Saxons]], encouraged during the reign of Crown Prince [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen]], Duke of Transylvania.<ref name="Clujeanet-2"/> The first reliable mention of the settlement dates from 1275, in a document of King [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]], when the village (''Villa Kulusvar'') was granted to the Bishop of Transylvania.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-1997">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 204 (6.3 Medieval Cluj)</ref> On 19 August 1316, during the rule of the new king, [[Charles I of Hungary]], Cluj was granted the status of a city ([[Latin language|Latin]]: ''civitas''), as a reward for the Saxons' contribution to the defeat of the rebellious Transylvanian [[voivode]], [[Ladislaus Kán]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-1997"/>

The couple buried together and known as the [[Lovers of Cluj-Napoca]] are believed to have lived between 1450 and 1550.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lugli |first=Federico |last2=Di Rocco |first2=Giulia |last3=Vazzana |first3=Antonino |last4=Genovese |first4=Filippo |last5=Pinetti |first5=Diego |last6=Cilli |first6=Elisabetta |last7=Carile |first7=Maria Cristina |last8=Silvestrini |first8=Sara |last9=Gabanini |first9=Gaia |last10=Arrighi |first10=Simona |last11=Buti |first11=Laura |date=2019-09-11 |title=Enamel peptides reveal the sex of the Late Antique 'Lovers of Modena' |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=13130 |bibcode=2019NatSR...913130L |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-49562-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6739468 |pmid=31511583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Buried Couple Found Holding Hands - Archaeology Magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/819-130424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404045516/https://www.archaeology.org/news/819-130424 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=2019-11-28 |website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref>

Many craft guilds were established in the second half of the 13th century, and a patrician stratum based in commerce and craft production displaced the older landed elite in the town's leadership.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.89–90</ref> Through the privilege granted by [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Luxembourg]] in 1405, the city opted out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtained the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-2">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.38 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)</ref> In 1488, King [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]] (born in Kolozsvár in 1443) ordered that the centumvirate—the city council, consisting of one hundred men—be half composed from the ''homines bone conditiones'' (the wealthy people), with craftsmen supplying the other half; together they would elect the chief judge and the jury.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-2"/> Meanwhile, an agreement was reached providing that half of the representatives on this city council were to be drawn from the Hungarian, half from the Saxon population, and that judicial offices were to be held on a rotating basis.<ref name="Brubaker et al-2">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp. 90–1</ref> In 1541, Kolozsvár became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (that transformed to Principality of Transylvania in 1570) after the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] occupied the central part of the Kingdom of Hungary; a period of economic and cultural prosperity followed.<ref name="Brubaker et al-2"/> Although [[Alba Iulia]] (''Gyulafehérvár'') served as a political capital for the princes of Transylvania, [[Cluj]] (''Kolozsvár'') enjoyed the support of the princes to a greater extent, thus establishing connections with the most important centres of Eastern Europe at that time, along with [[Košice]] (''Kassa''), [[Kraków]], Prague and Vienna.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-2"/>