Editing Composite material (section)

==Methods of fabrication==
Normally, the fabrication of composite includes wetting, mixing or saturating the reinforcement with the matrix. The matrix is then induced to bind together (with heat or a chemical reaction) into a rigid structure. Usually, the operation is done in an open or closed forming mould. However, the order and ways of introducing the constituents alters considerably. Composites fabrication is achieved by a wide variety of methods, including [[advanced fiber placement|advanced fibre placement]] (automated fibre placement),<ref>{{cite web |last=drawpub |title=Automated Fiber Placement |url=http://www.automateddynamics.com/article/thermoplastic-composite-basics/processing-methods/automated-fiber-placement |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=Automated Dynamics - Composite Structures, Automation Equipment, and Engineering Services |language=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412144432/http://www.automateddynamics.com/article/thermoplastic-composite-basics/processing-methods/automated-fiber-placement |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fiberglass spray lay-up process|fibreglass spray lay-up process]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Lay-up methods for fibreglass composites {{!}} Resin Library|url=https://www.resinlibrary.com/articles/lay-up-methods-for-fibreglass-grp-composites/|access-date=2020-12-17|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122175624/https://www.resinlibrary.com/knowledge/guide/lay-up-methods-for-fibreglass-grp-composites/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[filament winding]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Filament Winding - Open Molding |url=http://compositeslab.com/composites-manufacturing-processes/open-molding/filament-winding/ |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=CompositesLab |language=en-US |archive-date=2015-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927011402/http://compositeslab.com/composites-manufacturing-processes/open-molding/filament-winding/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[lanxide process]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yamaguchi |first=Y. |date=1994-08-01 |title=Unique methods of making MMC and CMC by Lanxide process; Lanxide hoshiki ni yoru CMC oyobi MMC no seiho |url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/27381 |journal=Seramikkusu (Ceramics Japan) |language=ja |volume=29 |access-date=2020-12-17 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523194851/https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/27381 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tailored fiber placement|tailored fibre placement]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-03-12 |title=Tailored Fibre Placement - complex composite designs delivered at speed with reduced waste |url=https://knowledge.ulprospector.com/10345/pe-tailored-fibre-placement/ |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=Prospector Knowledge Center |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523194851/https://knowledge.ulprospector.com/10345/pe-tailored-fibre-placement/ |url-status=live |last1=Pye |first1=Andy }}</ref> [[Tufting (composites)|tufting]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dell’Anno |first1=G. |last2=Treiber |first2=J.W.G. |last3=Partridge |first3=I.K. |title=Manufacturing of composite parts reinforced through-thickness by tufting |journal=Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing |date=February 2016 |volume=37 |pages=262–272 |doi=10.1016/j.rcim.2015.04.004 |hdl=1983/a2f04bfb-1b46-4029-9318-aa47f9c29f2f |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and [[z-pinning]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Z pinning - CSIR - NAL |url=https://www.nal.res.in/en/techniques/z-pinning |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=www.nal.res.in |archive-date=2020-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110130309/https://www.nal.res.in/en/techniques/z-pinning |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Overview of mould===
The reinforcing and matrix materials are merged, compacted, and cured (processed) within a mould to undergo a melding event. The part shape is fundamentally set after the melding event. However, under particular process conditions, it can deform. The melding event for a [[thermoset polymer matrix]] material is a curing reaction that is caused by the possibility of extra heat or chemical reactivity such as an organic peroxide. The melding event for a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material is a solidification from the melted state. The melding event for a metal matrix material such as titanium foil is a fusing at high pressure and a temperature near the melting point.

It is suitable for many moulding methods to refer to one mould piece as a "lower" mould and another mould piece as an "upper" mould. Lower and upper does not refer to the mould's configuration in space, but the different faces of the moulded panel. There is always a lower mould, and sometimes an upper mould in this convention. Part construction commences by applying materials to the lower mould. Lower mould and upper mould are more generalized descriptors than more common and specific terms such as male side, female side, a-side, b-side, tool side, bowl, hat, mandrel, etc. Continuous manufacturing utilizes a different nomenclature.

Usually, the moulded product is referred to as a panel. It can be referred to as casting for certain geometries and material combinations. It can be referred to as a profile for certain continuous processes. Some of the processes are [[autoclave moulding]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Autoclave molding - CSIR - NAL |url=https://www.nal.res.in/en/techniques/autoclave-molding |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=www.nal.res.in |archive-date=2020-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805185436/https://www.nal.res.in/en/techniques/autoclave-molding |url-status=live}}</ref> [[vacuum bag moulding]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Vacuum bag moulding - CSIR - NAL |url=https://www.nal.res.in/en/techniques/vacuum-bag-moulding |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=www.nal.res.in |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806182059/https://www.nal.res.in/en/techniques/vacuum-bag-moulding |url-status=live}}</ref> [[pressure bag moulding]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pressure Bag Moulding |url=https://netcomposites.com/glossary/pressure-bag-moulding/ |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=NetComposites |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110153732/https://netcomposites.com/glossary/pressure-bag-moulding/ |url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[resin transfer moulding]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Resin Transfer Moulding Processes - CSIR - NAL |url=https://www.nal.res.in/en/techniques/resin-transfer-moulding-processes |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=www.nal.res.in |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806182447/https://www.nal.res.in/en/techniques/resin-transfer-moulding-processes |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[light resin transfer moulding]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Light Resin Transfer Molding : CompositesWorld |url=https://www.compositesworld.com/knowledgecenter/closed-molding/closed-mold-process/resin-transfer-molding#:~:text=Light%20Resin%20Transfer%20Molding,%20or,side%20mold%20using%20vacuum%20pressure. |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=www.compositesworld.com |archive-date=2014-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722234324/https://www.compositesworld.com/knowledgecenter/closed-molding/closed-mold-process/resin-transfer-molding#:~:text=Light%20Resin%20Transfer%20Molding,%20or,side%20mold%20using%20vacuum%20pressure. |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other fabrication methods===
Other types of fabrication include [[casting]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Composite Casting Processes |url=http://www.sicomin.com/processes/casting |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=www.sicomin.com |archive-date=2020-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514185622/http://www.sicomin.com/processes/casting |url-status=live}}</ref> centrifugal casting,<ref>{{cite web |title=Centrifugal Casting - Closed Molding |url=http://compositeslab.com/composites-manufacturing-processes/closed-molding/centrifugal-casting/ |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=CompositesLab |language=en-US |archive-date=2015-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926120921/http://compositeslab.com/composites-manufacturing-processes/closed-molding/centrifugal-casting/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[braiding machine|braiding]] (onto a [[former]]), [[continuous casting]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kwaśniewski |first1=Paweł |last2=Kiesiewicz |first2=Grzegorz |title=Studies on Obtaining Cu-CNT Composites by Continuous Casting Method |journal=Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering |date=2014 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=83 |doi=10.7494/mafe.2014.40.2.83 }}</ref> [[filament winding]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Filament Winding |url=https://netcomposites.com/guide/manufacturing/filament-winding/ |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=NetComposites |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523194853/https://netcomposites.com/guide/manufacturing/filament-winding/ |url-status=usurped}}</ref> press moulding,<ref>{{cite web |title=PRESS MOULDING OF AUTOMOTIVE COMPOSITES – Shape Group |url=http://www.shape-group.com/press-moulding-of-automotive-composites |access-date=2020-12-20 |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920183451/http://www.shape-group.com/press-moulding-of-automotive-composites |url-status=live}}</ref> [[transfer moulding]], [[pultrusion]] moulding,<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-39500-7.00005-8 |quote=The term 'pultrusion' combines the word 'pull' and 'extrusion.' It is a continuous manufacturing process to produce products with constant cross sections such as profiles and sheets. Fig. 5.25 is a schematic illustration of general pultrusion setup. As shown in the figure, continuous fiber reinforcements are saturated (wet out) with desired resin matrix either in a resin bath or in resin injection chamber. The coated fibers then pass through heating and forming dies where curing of the resin and forming of the shape occur. After the die the composite is allowed to postcure while being pulled to the saw which cuts it into stock length. Different resin–fiber combinations are used to achieve the final desired properties |chapter=Plastics Processing |title=Introduction to Plastics Engineering |date=2018 |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Anshuman |pages=143–177 |isbn=978-0-323-39500-7 }}</ref> and [[slip forming]].<ref>{{cite patent |title=System and method for slip forming monolithic reinforced composite concrete structures having multiple functionally discrete components |gdate=2015-05-24 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US9435085B1/en}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608191250/https://patents.google.com/patent/US9435085B1/en |date=2021-06-08}}</ref> There are also forming capabilities including [[numerical control|CNC]] filament winding, vacuum infusion, wet lay-up, [[compression moulding]], and [[thermoplastic]] moulding, to name a few. The practice of curing ovens and paint booths is also required for some projects.

====Finishing methods====
The composite parts finishing is also crucial in the final design. Many of these finishes will involve rain-erosion coatings or polyurethane coatings.

===Tooling===
The mould and mould inserts are referred to as "tooling". The mould/tooling can be built from different materials. Tooling materials include [[aluminium]], [[carbon fibre]], [[invar]], [[nickel]], reinforced [[silicone rubber]] and steel. The tooling material selection is normally based on, but not limited to, the [[coefficient of thermal expansion]], expected number of cycles, end item tolerance, desired or expected surface condition, cure method, [[glass transition temperature]] of the material being moulded, moulding method, matrix, cost, and other various considerations.