Editing Confederate Ireland (section)

==Civil War within the Confederation==
[[File:Owen Roe O'Neill.JPG|right|thumb|Engraving copy of portrait of Owen Roe O'Neill]]
However, many of the Irish Catholics continued to reject a deal with the royalists. [[Owen Roe O'Neill]] refused to join the new royalist alliance and fought a brief internal civil war with the royalists and Confederates in the summer of 1648. So alienated was O'Neill by what he considered to be a betrayal of Catholic war aims that he tried to make a separate peace with the English Parliament and was for a short time effectively an ally of the English parliamentary armies in Ireland. This was disastrous for the wider aims of the Confederacy, as it coincided with the outbreak of the [[English Civil War#Second English Civil War (1648–1649)|second civil war]] in England. The Papal Nuncio, Rinuccini, endeavoured to uphold Owen Roe O'Neill by [[excommunication|excommunicating]] all who in May 1648 took part in the [[Inchiquin Truce]] with the Royalists; but he could not get the Irish Catholic Bishops to agree on the matter. On 23 February 1649, he embarked at Galway, in his own frigate, to return to Rome.

It is often argued that this split within the Confederate ranks represented a split between Gaelic Irish and [[Old English (Ireland)|Old English]]. It is suggested that a particular reason for this was that Gaelic Irish had lost much land and power since the English conquest of Ireland and hence had become radical in their demands.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} However, there were members of both ethnicities on each side. For example, [[Felim O'Neill of Kinard|Phelim O'Neill]], the Gaelic Irish instigator of the Rebellion of 1641, sided with the moderates, whereas the predominantly Old English south Wexford area rejected the peace. The Catholic clergy were also split over the issue.

The real significance of the split was between those landed gentry who were prepared to compromise with the royalists as long as their lands and civil rights were guaranteed, and those, such as Owen Roe O'Neill, who wanted to completely overturn the English presence in Ireland. They wanted an independent, Catholic Ireland, with the English and Scottish settlers expelled permanently. Many of the militants were most concerned with recovering ancestral lands their families had lost in the plantations. After inconclusive skirmishing with the Confederates, Owen Roe O'Neill retreated to Ulster and did not rejoin his former comrades until [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]'s invasion of 1649. This infighting fatally hampered the preparations of the Confederate-royalist alliance to repel the invasion of parliamentarian [[New Model Army]].