Editing Consent decree (section)

====School desegregation====
 
The effort to [[Desegregation|desegregate]] American public schools began in 1954 with ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''. This [[List of landmark court decisions in the United States|landmark]] Supreme Court case established that racial segregation of children in public schools was in violation of the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]], which requires that states must not "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws".<ref>{{ussc |name=Brown v. Board of Education |volume=347 |page=483 |pin=495 |date=1954}}.</ref> To properly enforce this legislation, the Supreme Court allowed district courts to use desegregation decrees obligating states to actively transition into racially nondiscriminatory school systems, with "all deliberate speed".<ref>{{ussc |name=Brown v. Board of Education |volume=349 |page=294 |pin=295 |date=1954}}.</ref> Since the original decree did not include specific ways this could be done, beginning with ''[[Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education]]'' in 1971, the Supreme Court specifically defined the objective as eliminating "all vestiges of state imposed segregation"<ref>{{ussc |name=Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education |volume=402 |page=1 |pin=15 |date=1971}}.
{{cite court |name= |court= |reporter=U.S. |pinpoint=15 |date= |url= https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/402/1/case.html#15}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2020|reason=Most of the citation details are missing.}} within school systems, including the limited use of [[Desegregation busing|busing]],<ref>''Swann'', 402 U.S. at 29–31.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Green |first=Preston Cary |date=1999 |title=Can State Constitutional Provisions Eliminate de Facto Segregation in the Public Schools? |journal=The Journal of Negro Education |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=138–153 |doi=10.2307/2668121 |issn=0022-2984 |jstor=2668121 }}</ref> [[racial quota]]s,<ref>''Swann'', 402 U.S. at 22–25.</ref> the creation of [[magnet school]]s and judicial placement of new schools,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=G. Scott |date=1987 |title=Unitary School Systems and Underlying Vestiges of State-Imposed Segregation |journal=[[Columbia Law Review]] |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=794–816 |doi=10.2307/1122610 |issn=0010-1958 |jstor=1122610 }}</ref> and the redrawing of school attendance zones.<ref>''Swann'', 402 U.S. at 27–29.</ref> To stop judicial intervention in schools and end the consent decree through a court order, districts must demonstrate desegregation within six criteria defined in the ''[[Green v. County School Board of New Kent County]]''<ref>{{ussc |name=Green v. County School Board of New Kent County |volume=391 |page=430 |date=1968}}.</ref> ruling&nbsp;– which include, student assignment, faculty, staff, transportation, extracurricular activities, and facilities.<ref>''Green'', 391 U.S. at 435.</ref>{{sfn|Baradaran-Robinson|2003|p=1346}}