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Consonant gradation
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====Analogical limitation of gradation==== {{expand section|date=February 2012}} While syllabic gradation remains generally productive, the distortions of its original phonetic conditions have left it essentially a morphologically conditioned process. This is particularly visible in forms that display a strong grade where a weak would be historically expected, or vice versa. [[Possessive suffix]]es, in particular, are always preceded by the strong grade, even if the suffix may cause the syllable to be closed. For example, 'our bed' is ''sänkymme'', not ''ˣsängymme''. Strong grades may also be found in closed syllables in contractions such as ''jotta en'' → ''jotten''. Several recent loans and coinages with simple {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} are also left entirely outside of gradation, e.g. ''auto'' (: ''auton'') 'car', ''eka'' (: ''ekan'') 'first', ''muki'' (: ''mukin'') 'mug', ''peti'' (: ''petin'', sometimes ''pedin'' ) 'bed', ''söpö'' (: ''söpön'') 'cute'. A number of proper names such as [[Alepa]], [[Arto (disambiguation)|Arto]], [[Malta]], [[Marko (given name)|Marko]] belong in this class as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kaino.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=44 |title=VISK - § 44 Astevaihtelun ulkopuolelle jääviä sanoja |publisher=Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus |access-date=2016-10-24}}</ref> Suffixal gradation has been largely lost, usually in favor of the weak grade. While the partitive plurals of ''kana'' 'hen' and ''lakana'' 'bedsheet' still show distinct treatment of the original ''*-ta'' (''kanoja'', ''lakanoi'''t'''a''), the partitive singulars in modern Finnish both have the weak grade (''kanaa'', ''lakanaa''), although in several dialects of older Finnish the form ''lakanata'' occurred for the latter. Similarly the participle ending ''*-pa'' is now uniformly ''-va'', even after stressed syllables; e.g. ''syö-vä'' 'eating', ''voi-va'' 'being able'. (The original forms may remain in diverged sense or fossilized derivatives: ''syöpä'' 'cancer', ''kaikki-voipa'' 'almighty'.)
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