Editing Counterstereotype (section)

=== Backlash Effects ===
Not to be confused with the [[Boomerang effect (psychology)|boomerang effect]] which refers to unintended psychosocial consequences resulting from persuasion, nor [[Backlash (sociology)|backlash effects]] in sociology, the backlash effect is similar in principle, having to do with psychosocial consequences resulting from perception of being counter stereotypical. Most cited definition of the backlash effect by Rudman in 1998<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rudman |first=Laurie A. |date=1998 |title=Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.629 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.629 |pmid=9523410 |issn=1939-1315|url-access=subscription }}</ref> is where violation of stereotypes may potentially lead to social or economic consequences. Although these counterstereotypical people may be perceived as unique, the backlash effect and its consequences often limit their success, and can lead to a reinforcement of stereotypes.

A 2004 study by Rudman and Fairchild<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rudman |first1=Laurie A. |last2=Fairchild |first2=Kimberly |date=2004 |title=Reactions to Counterstereotypic Behavior: The Role of Backlash in Cultural Stereotype Maintenance. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.157 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |language=en |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=157–176 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.157 |pmid=15301625 |issn=1939-1315|url-access=subscription }}</ref> modeled the backlash effect and stereotype maintenance stemming from perceivers and actors, their justification or fear of backlash, and the importance in the maintenance of self-esteem. From the perceivers view, if it is justified by a threat to their self-esteem, backlash towards counter stereotypical people may restore their sense of worth, however this only further reinforces societal stereotypes. The backlash effect can also lead counter stereotypical individuals to fear the potential consequences and thus be more likely to hide their counter stereotypical behavior, maintaining their self-esteem. This also leads to the maintenance of cultural stereotypes.

==== Examples of backlash effects ====

* Women being underrepresented in high level roles in some industries resulting from withholding promotions to women who display counter stereotypical behaviour, or women not wanting to exhibit counter stereotypical behaviour as a fear of backlash.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cuadrado |first1=Isabel |last2=García-Ael |first2=Cristina |last3=Molero |first3=Fernando |date=April 2015 |title=Gender-typing of leadership: Evaluations of real and ideal managers |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sjop.12187 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=236–244 |doi=10.1111/sjop.12187 |pmid=25558896 |issn=0036-5564|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* The marvel character Miles Morales whom is a version of Spiderman that is often the white Peter Parker as had several waves of backlash directed at the character and creators <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Travis |title=A Marvel comic writer apologized after a Miles Morales story received backlash over racial stereotypes |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/marvel-miles-morales-comic-writer-apologizes-for-racial-stereotypes-2022-6 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangel |first=Felipe |date=2023-06-08 |title="Didn't Realize Y'All Were Haters": Miles Morales Actor Claps Back At Backlash To MCU/Spider-Verse Comment |url=https://screenrant.com/spider-verse-miles-morales-actor-mcu-live-action-backlash/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref>
* Minority actors in Hollywood despite showing great talent, being typecast in cheap caricature roles, and backlash towards their success in the industry as a whole <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ma |first=Alexandra |title=South Korea's 'Parasite' made Oscars history, but it still couldn't escape racist criticism |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/parasite-oscars-wins-racist-criticism-coronavirus-2020-2#:~:text=But%20with%20the%20celebrations%20of,winning%20big%20at%20the%20Oscars.&text=Several%20people%20suggested%20that%20a,an%20Oscar,%20an%20American%20prize. |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoichet |first=Catherine E. |date=2023-03-07 |title=What 'Everything Everywhere' has taught us about racism and representation in Hollywood |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-hyphenated-cec/index.html |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>