Editing Crash test dummy (section)

===Hybrid III family===
[[File:Hybridlll.jpg|thumbnail|The original 50th percentile male Hybrid III's family expanded to include a 95th percentile male, 5th percentile female, and ten, six, and three-year-old child dummies.]]
{{main article|Hybrid III}}
Hybrid III, the 50th percentile male dummy which made its first appearance in 1976, is the familiar crash test dummy, and he is now a family man. If he could stand upright, he would be {{convert|175|cm|ftin|abbr=off}} tall and would have a [[mass]] of {{convert|77|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. He occupies the driver's seat in all the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iihs.org|title=New HLDI study: Texting laws don't reduce crashes |publisher=iihs.org |date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=21 October 2010}}</ref> {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} offset frontal crash tests. He is joined by a "big brother", the 95th percentile Hybrid III, at {{convert|188|cm|ftin|abbr=off}} and {{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. [[Ms.]] Hybrid III is a 5th percentile female dummy, at a diminutive {{convert|152|cm|ft|abbr=on}} tall and {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>Mello, Tara Baukus (December 5, 2000).[http://www.edmunds.com/apps/vdpcontainers/do/vdp/articleId=43819/pageNumber=1 The Female Dummy: No Brains, But A Real Lifesaver]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220103359/http://www.edmunds.com/apps/vdpcontainers/do/vdp/articleId%3D43819/pageNumber%3D1 |date=February 20, 2006 }}. Retrieved April 18, 2006.</ref> The three Hybrid III child dummies represent a ten-year-old, {{convert|21|kg|lb|abbr=on}} six-year-old, and a {{convert|15|kg|lb|abbr=on}} three-year-old. The child models are very recent additions to the crash test dummy family; because so little hard data are available on the effects of accidents on children and such data are very difficult to obtain, these models are based in large part on [[Estimation theory|estimates]] and [[approximation]]s. The primary benefit provided by the Hybrid III is improved neck response in forward flexion and head rotation that better simulates the human.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090212015812/http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA255544&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf Hybrid II and Hybrid III Dummy Neck Properties for Computer Modeling] (February 1992)</ref>

The Hybrid III dummy for three-, six- and ten-year-olds has its limitations, and does not provide the same physical outcome a human would encounter with a frontal crash. It was found that when testing the three-year-old Hybrid III dummy, it showed that frontal crashes would most likely cause cervical spine injuries. When using data from the real world, the results did not match up to the Hybrid III stimulation injuries. To get around this, THUMS was created which stands for Total Human Model of Safety.<ref name=":0" /> The model can be easily relatable to the human body anatomically especially focusing on the human spine upon impact. Clinical testing and experiments are more accurate than a dummy and more reliable case studies can be implemented with this model. The model is based on a male only, and mimics human tissues and organs. This model is accurate for males in the 50th percentile, and it can not easily relate to three-year-olds when dealing with neck and head injuries, which are responsible for 57 percent of car crash fatalities.<ref name=":0">{{cite thesis |last1=Zhang |first1=Wencheng |title=Incorporation of biomechanical child cadaver neck behaviour in a child model and injury prediction in vehicle frontal crash |date=2008 |url=https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7890/ }}{{page needed|date=February 2024}}</ref> Instead, the FE model can be appropriately implemented for these criteria.<ref name=":2" />

There are certain testing procedures for Hybrid IIIs to ensure that they obtain a correct humanlike neck flexure, and to ensure that they would react to a crash in a similar way that human bodies would. {{citation needed|date=April 2019}}