Editing Cytochrome c (section)

=== Inhibition of apoptosis ===

One of the ways cell apoptosis is activated is by release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into cytosol. A study has shown that cells are able to protect themselves from apoptosis by blocking the release of cytochrome c using Bcl-x<sub>L</sub>.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kharbanda S, Pandey P, Schofield L, Israels S, Roncinske R, Yoshida K, Bharti A, Yuan ZM, Saxena S, Weichselbaum R, Nalin C, Kufe D |date=June 1997 |title=Role for Bcl-xL as an inhibitor of cytosolic cytochrome C accumulation in DNA damage-induced apoptosis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=94 |issue=13 |pages=6939–42 |bibcode=1997PNAS...94.6939K |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.13.6939 |pmc=21263 |pmid=9192670 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Another way that cells can control apoptosis is by phosphorylation of Tyr48, which turns cytochrome c into an anti-apoptotic switch.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=García-Heredia JM, Díaz-Quintana A, Salzano M, Orzáez M, Pérez-Payá E, Teixeira M, De la Rosa MA, Díaz-Moreno I |date=December 2011 |title=Tyrosine phosphorylation turns alkaline transition into a biologically relevant process and makes human cytochrome c behave as an anti-apoptotic switch |journal=[[Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry]] |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=1155–68 |doi=10.1007/s00775-011-0804-9 |pmid=21706253 |s2cid=24156094}}</ref>