Editing Deccani language (section)

==Modern era==
[[File:Deccani Urdu speaking areas by concentration.png|thumb|Areas where Deccani is spoken.]]The term Deccani today is given to a Hindustani lect spoken natively by many Muslims from Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra (who are known as the [[Deccanis]]). It is considered to be the modern, spoken variety of the ''historical'' Deccani dialect, and inherits many features from it. The term Deccani distinguishes the lect from standard Urdu - however, it is commonly considered a "variety" of Urdu,{{Sfn|Rahman|2011|p=4}} and often gets subsumed under this name, both by its own speakers and the official administration. The demise of the literary tradition has meant that Deccani uses standard Urdu as its formal [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] (i.e. for writing, news, education etc).{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|pp=221–222}}

=== Geographical distribution ===
Deccani speakers centre around Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana. Deccani is also spoken in many other urban areas of the Deccan region and [[Mumbai]], especially those with large Muslim populations such as Aurangabad, Nanded, Akola, Amravati, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Mysore and Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Masica|first=Colin P.|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|pages=22 & 426}}</ref> In addition to members of the [[Deccanis|Deccani]] community, some Hindu Rajputs and Marathas in the Deccan speak Deccani Urdu as well.<ref name="phonology"/>

=== Features ===
Deccani retains some features of medieval Hindustani that have disappeared in contemporary Hindi-Urdu. It is also distinguished by grammar and vocabulary influences from Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu, due to its prolonged use as a ''lingua franca'' in the Deccan.{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|pp=221–222}} Below is a non-exhaustive list of its unique features, with standard Urdu equivalents:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Deccani
!Standard Urdu equivalent
!Notes
|
|-
|''mai, tu'' (southern dialects)
|''mẽ, tum''
|First and second person singular pronouns
|-
|''hame, tume'' (southern dialects)
|''ham, āp''
|First and second person plural pronouns
|-
|''kane, kan''
|''pās''
|Possessive marker
|-  (both are used in Deccani Urdu)
|''un, in, une, ine''
|''us, is''
|Third person singular pronouns
|-
|''uno, uno logã, unõ''
|''un, un lōg, woh log''
|Third person plural pronouns
|-
|"sabaan"(southern dialects)
|"kal"
| For the word "tomorrow", northern dialects use the same word as Standard Urdu
|-
|''mer(e)kū, ter(e)kū'' (northern dialects)
|''mujhe, tujhe''
|First and second person possessive pronouns often used with [[postpositions]] (''mera'' + ''ku'', ''tera'' + ''ku'') 
|-
|suffix -''ã'' [ãː] (''logã'', ''mardã'')
| -''õ'', -''ẽ''
|Plural marker 
|-
|''ap(p)an''
|''āp lōg''
|Third person plural pronoun, often used in first person as well
|-
|suffix -''ich'' [it͡ʃʰ] (''mai idharich hũ'')
|''hī'' (''mẽ idhar hī hũ'')
|Emphasis marker, Matthews comments that this is "probably from Marathi"{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=74}}
|-
|''kaiku, ki''
|''kyũ''
|'why'
|-
|''po'' (southern dialects)
|''par, pē''
|'on' or 'at' (postposition)
|-
|suffix -''ĩgā'' (''kal jaĩgā, ab karĩgā'')
| -''ẽge'' (''kal jāyẽge, ab karẽge'')
|Plural future tense marker
|-
|''sangāt''
|''ke sātʰ''
|'with', both are used in Deccani
|-
|''nakko''
|''mat/na'' (imperative), ''nahĩ cāhiye'' (first person negative) 
|From Marathi{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=215}}
|-
|''kate''
|''lagta hē''
|'it seems' or 'apparently' 
|-
|''sō''
|''sō''
|Common to Deccani and Urdu but largely restricted to classic literature and rarely used in the standard spoken registers of the latter
Still commonly used in Deccani, roughly meaning 'that', 'which', or 'hence'
|-
|suffix -''ko'' (''jāko, dʰōko, āko'')
|suffix -''kē'' or -''kar'' (''jākē/jākar, dʰōkē/dʰōkar/, ākē/ākar'')
|Conjunctive participle, all three are used in Deccani
|-
|''<u>kh</u>'' ({{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq| [[خ]] }}}}) [x/χ]
|({{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq| [[ق]] }}}}) [q]
|Deccani speakers have fully merged ''q'' with ''<u>kh</u>''
|-
|<u>''ai''</u> {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq| (ـَے‬)  }}}} [aɪ], <u>''au''</u> {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq| (ـَو) }}}} [aʊ] (southern dialects)
|<u>''ai''</u> {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq| (ـَے‬)  }}}} [ɛː], <u>''au''</u> {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq| (ـَو) }}}} [ɔː]
|Southern dialects of Deccani preserve diphthongs where northern dialects and standard Urdu have shifted to open-mid vowels
|-
! colspan="3" |Sources:{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=222-224}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=9780521299442 |page=413}}</ref>
|}

These features are used to different degrees among speakers, as there tends to be regional variation. Mustafa names some varieties of Deccani as "Telugu Dakkhni, Kannada Dakkhni, and Tamil Dakkhni", based on their influence from the dominant [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] in the spoken region. He further divides Telugu Deccani into two linguistic categories, corresponding to Andhra Pradesh, which he says has more Telugu influence; and Telangana, with more influence from standard Urdu. The latter is seen especially in Hyderabad.{{Sfn|Mustafa|2008|p=186}}

Deccani's use of Urdu as a standard register, and contact with Hindustani (widespread in India), has led to some of its distinctive features disappearing.{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=179}}

=== Culture ===
Deccani finds a cultural core in and around Hyderabad, where the highest concentration of speakers are; Telangana is one of the only four states of India to provide "Urdu" official status. Deccani Urdu in Hyderabad has found a vehicle of expression through humour and wit, which manifests in events called "[[Mazahiya Mushaira]]", poetic symposiums with comedic themes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=R.S.|title=A Tentative Paradigm for the Study of Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad City|work=Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=9781351393997|editor-last=Azam|editor-first=Kousar J|pages=32–33}}</ref> An example of Deccani, spoken in such a context at Hyderabad:

{{Verse translation|buzdil hai woh jo jīte jī marne se ḍar gayā
ek mai-ich thā jo kām hī kuch aur kar gayā
jab maut āko mereku karne lagī salām
maĩ walaikum salām bola aur mar gayā.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghouse Khamakhan (Part 1): Dakhani Mazahiya Mushaira|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt8JEyT-BBs&t=761s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Nt8JEyT-BBs| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|website=YouTube| date=19 March 2011 |publisher=Siasat Daily}}{{cbignore}}</ref>|It's a coward who fears death while still alive,
It was but me who did something different altogether
When Death came to me and said "[[salam]]", 
I said "walaikum salam" and died<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Tongue Tied: The Story of Dakhani|url=http://dakhani.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406070656/http://dakhani.com:80/ |archive-date=6 April 2009 }}</ref>|attr1=[[Ghouse Khamakha]]}}

Additionally, the [[Deccani film industry]] (also called Dollywood) is based in Hyderabad and produces movies in Deccani, especially the Hyderabadi dialect.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mumtaz|first=Roase|title=Deccanwood: An Indian film industry taking on Bollywood|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/06/deccanwood-indian-film-industry-bollywood-160623102912455.html|access-date=2018-02-23|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>