Editing Determinism (section)

=== Theological ===
[[Theological determinism]] is a form of determinism that holds that all events that happen are either preordained (i.e., [[predestination|predestined]]) to happen by a [[monotheism|monotheistic]] [[deity]], or are [[destiny|destined]] to occur given its omniscience. Two forms of theological determinism exist, referred to as ''strong'' and ''weak'' theological determinism.<ref name="JordanTate2004">{{cite book|author1=Anne Lockyer Jordan|author2=Anne Lockyer Jordan Neil Lockyer Edwin Tate|author3=Neil Lockyer|author4=Edwin Tate|title=Philosophy of Religion for A Level|edition=OCR|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBVuNip8qjkC|access-date=22 December 2012|year=2004|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=978-0-7487-8078-5|page=211}}</ref>

Strong theological determinism is based on the concept of a [[creator deity]] dictating all events in history: "everything that happens has been predestined to happen by an omniscient, omnipotent divinity."<ref name="Iannone2001">{{cite book |author=Iannone |first=Abel Pablo |title=Dictionary of World Philosophy |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-17995-9 |page=194 |chapter=Determinism |quote=Theological determinism, or the doctrine of predestination: the view that everything which happens has been predestined to happen by an omniscient, omnipotent divinity. A weaker version holds that, though not predestined to happen, everything that happens has been eternally known by virtue of the divine foreknowledge of an omniscient divinity. If this divinity is also omnipotent, as in the case of the Judeo-Christian religions, this weaker version is hard to distinguish from the previous one because, though able to prevent what happens and knowing that it is going to happen, God lets it happen. To this, advocates of free will reply that God permits it to happen in order to make room for the free will of humans. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wBmBO3vpE4C}}</ref>

Weak theological determinism is based on the concept of divine foreknowledge—"because God's omniscience is perfect, what God knows about the future will inevitably happen, which means, consequently, that the future is already fixed."<ref name="Huyssteen2003">{{cite book |author=Wentzel Van Huyssteen |title=Encyclopedia of Science and Religion |publisher=Macmillan Reference |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-02-865705-9 |volume=1 |page=217 |chapter=Theological determinism |quote=Theological determinism constitutes a fifth kind of determinism. There are two types of theological determinism, both compatible with scientific and metaphysical determinism. In the first, God determines everything that happens, either in one all-determining single act at the initial creation of the universe or through continuous divine interactions with the world. Either way, the consequence is that everything that happens becomes God's action, and determinism is closely linked to divine action and God's omnipotence. According to the second type of theological determinism, God has perfect knowledge of everything in the universe because God is omniscient. And, as some say, because God is outside of time, God has the capacity of knowing past, present, and future in one instance. This means that God knows what will happen in the future. And because God's omniscience is perfect, what God knows about the future will inevitably happen, which means, consequently, that the future is already fixed. |access-date=22 December 2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIcYAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> There exist slight variations on this categorization, however. Some claim either that theological determinism requires predestination of all events and outcomes by the divinity—i.e., they do not classify the weaker version as ''theological determinism'' unless libertarian free will is assumed to be denied as a consequence—or that the weaker version does not constitute ''theological determinism'' at all.<ref name="VanArragon2010">{{cite book|author=Raymond J. VanArragon|title=Key Terms in Philosophy of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyTohO1AMzwC|access-date=22 December 2012|year=2010|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4411-3867-5|page=21|quote=Theological determinism, on the other hand, claims that all events are determined by God. On this view, God decree that everything will go thus-and-so and ensure that everything goes that way, so that ultimately God is the cause of everything that happens and everything that happens is part of God's plan. We might think of God here as the all-powerful movie director who writes script and causes everything to go accord with it. We should note, as an aside, that there is some debate over what would be sufficient for theological determinism to be true. Some people claim that God's merely knowing what will happen determines that it will, while others believe that God must not only know but must also cause those events to occur in order for their occurrence to be determined.}}</ref>

With respect to free will, "theological determinism is the thesis that God exists and has infallible knowledge of all true propositions including propositions about our future actions", more minimal criteria designed to encapsulate all forms of theological determinism.<ref name="stanfordincompatibilismarguments">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Arguments for Incompatibilism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/incompatibilism-arguments |last=Vihvelin |first=Kadri |date=Spring 2011 |editor=Edward |editor-first=N. Zalta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150105080922/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/incompatibilism-arguments/ |archive-date=5 Jan 2015}}</ref>

Theological determinism can also be seen as a form of causal determinism, in which the antecedent conditions are the nature and will of God.<ref name="SEPmoralresponsibility" /> Some have asserted that [[Augustine of Hippo]] introduced theological determinism into Christianity in 412 CE, whereas all prior Christian authors supported free will against Stoic and Gnostic determinism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Kenneth |title=Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will": A Comprehensive Methodology ''in the series Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum 111'' |date=2018 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |location=Tübingen, Germany |isbn=978-3161557538 |pages=273–298}}</ref> However, there are many Biblical passages that seem to support the idea of some kind of theological determinism.