Editing Digraph (orthography) (section)

====English====
English has both homogeneous digraphs (doubled letters) and heterogeneous digraphs (digraphs consisting of two different letters). Those of the latter type include the following:

* {{angbr|sc}} normally represents {{IPA|/s/}} ([[voiceless alveolar fricative]] - ''scene'') or {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] - ''conscious'') before {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}}.
* {{angbr|ng}} represents {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ([[velar nasal]]) as in ''thing''.
* {{angbr|[[ch (digraph)|ch]]}} usually corresponds to {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar affricate]] - ''church''), to {{IPA|/k/}} ([[voiceless velar plosive]]) when used as an etymological digraph in words of Greek origin (''christ''), less commonly to {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]]) in words of French origin (''champagne'').
* {{angbr|ck}} corresponds to {{IPA|/k/}} as in ''check''.
* {{angbr|[[gh (digraph)|gh]]}} represents {{IPA|/ɡ/}} ([[voiced velar plosive]]) at the beginning of words (''ghost''), represents {{IPA|/f/}} ([[voiceless labiodental fricative]] in ''enough'') or is [[silent letter|silent]] at the end of words (''sigh'').
* {{angbr|ph}} represents {{IPA|/f/}} ([[voiceless labiodental fricative]]), as in ''siphon''.
* {{angbr|rh}} represents English {{IPA|/r/}} in words of Greek origin, such as ''rhythm''.
* {{angbr|[[sh (digraph)|sh]]}} represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]]), as in ''sheep''.
* {{angbr|ti}} usually represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}} word-medially before a vowel, as in ''education''.
* {{angbr|[[th (digraph)|th]]}} usually corresponds to {{IPA|/θ/}} ([[voiceless interdental fricative]]) in ''thin'' or {{IPA|/ð/}} ([[voiced interdental fricative]]) in ''then''. See also [[Pronunciation of English th|Pronunciation of English {{angbr|th}}]].
* {{angbr|wh}} represents {{IPA|/hw/}} in some conservative dialects; {{IPA|/w/}} in other dialects (''while''); and {{IPA|/h/}} in a few words in which it is followed by {{angbr|o}}, such as ''who'' and ''whole''. See also [[Phonological history of wh|Phonological history of {{angbr|wh}}]].
* {{angbr|zh}} represents {{IPA|/ʒ/}} in words transliterated from Slavic languages{{which|date=January 2019}}, and in American dictionary pronunciation spelling.
* {{angbr|ci}} usually appears as {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before vowels, like in ''facial'' and ''artificial''. Otherwise it is {{IPA|/si/}} as in ''fancier'' and ''icier'' or {{IPA|/sɪ/}} as in ''acid'' and ''rancid''.
* {{angbr|wr}} represents {{IPA|/r/}}. Originally, it stood for a [[labialisation|labialized]] sound, while {{angbr|r}} without {{angbr|w}} was non-labialized, but the distinction has been lost in most dialects, the two sounds merging into a single [[alveolar approximant]], [[allophone|allophonically]] labialized at the start of syllables, as in ''red'' {{IPA|[ɹʷɛd]}}. See also [[rhotic consonant]].
* {{angbr|qu}} usually represents {{IPA|/kw/}}; {{angbr|q}} is conventionally followed by {{angbr|u}} and a vowel letter as in ''quick'', with [[List of English words containing Q not followed by U|some exceptions.]]

Digraphs may also be composed of vowels. Some letters {{angbr|a, e, o}} are preferred for the first position, others for the second {{angbr|i, u}}. The latter have [[allograph]]s {{angbr|y, w}} in [[English orthography]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+ English vocalic digraphs
!style="text-align:center"| second letter →<br /> first letter ↓
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...e}}
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...i}} ¦ {{angbr|...y}}
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...u}} ¦ {{angbr|...w}}
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...a}}
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...o}}
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|o...}}
| {{angbr|oe¦œ}} > {{angbr|e}}&nbsp;– {{IPA|/i/}} || {{angbr|oi¦oy}} – {{IPA|/ɔɪ/}} || {{angbr|ou¦ow}} – {{IPA|/aʊ¦uː¦oʊ/}} || {{angbr|oa}} – {{IPA|/oʊ¦ɔː/}} || {{angbr|oo}} – {{IPA|/uː¦ʊ(¦ʌ)/}}
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|a...}}
| {{angbr|ae¦æ}} > {{angbr|e}} – {{IPA|/i/}} || {{angbr|ai¦ay}} – {{IPA|/eɪ¦ɛ/}} || {{angbr|au¦aw}} – {{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br /><small>(in loanwords: {{IPA|/aʊ/}} )</small> || <small>(in loanwords and proper nouns: {{angbr|aa}} – {{IPA|/ə¦ɔː¦ɔl/}} )</small> || <small>(in loanwords from Chinese: {{angbr|ao}} – {{IPA|/aʊ/}} )</small>
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|e...}}
| {{angbr|ee}} – {{IPA|/iː/}} || {{angbr|ei¦ey}} – {{IPA|/aɪ¦eɪ¦(iː)/}} || {{angbr|eu¦ew}} – {{IPA|/juː¦uː/}} || {{angbr|ea}} – {{IPA|/iː¦ɛ¦(eɪ¦ɪə)/}}
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|u...}}
| {{angbr|ue}} – {{IPA|/uː¦u/}} || {{angbr|ui}} – {{IPA|/ɪ¦uː/}}
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|i...}}
| {{angbr|ie}} – {{IPA|/iː(¦aɪ)/}}
|}