Editing Emigration (section)

== Emigration restrictions ==
{{further|Eastern Bloc emigration and defection|Illegal emigration|Panmunjeom|Operation Keelhaul|Berlin Wall}}
[[File:Berlin Wall Potsdamer Platz November 1975 looking east.jpg|thumb|right|[[East Germany]] erected the [[Berlin Wall]] to prevent emigration westward.]]

Some countries restrict the ability of their citizens to emigrate to other countries. After 1668, the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] Emperor banned Han Chinese migration to [[Manchuria]]. In 1681, the emperor ordered construction of the [[Willow Palisade]], a barrier beyond which the Chinese were prohibited from encroaching on Manchu and Mongol lands.<ref>Elliott, Mark C. "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies." ''Journal of Asian Studies'' 59, no. 3 (2000): 603–46.</ref>

The [[Soviet Socialist Republics]] of the later [[Soviet Union]] began such restrictions in 1918, with laws and borders tightening until even illegal emigration was nearly impossible by 1928.<ref name="dowty69">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=69}}</ref> To strengthen this, they set up [[Passport system in the Soviet Union|internal passport controls]] and individual city [[Propiska in the Soviet Union|Propiska]] ("place of residence") permits, along with internal freedom of movement restrictions often called the [[101st kilometre]], rules which greatly restricted mobility within even small areas.<ref name="dowty70">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=70}}</ref>

At the end of [[World War II]] in 1945, the [[Soviet Union]] occupied several Central European countries, together called the [[Eastern Bloc]], with the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas aspiring to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave.<ref name="thackeray188">{{Harvnb|Thackeray|2004|p=188}}</ref> Before 1950, over 15 million people emigrated from the Soviet-occupied eastern European countries and immigrated into [[Western Bloc|the west]] in the five years immediately following [[World War II]].<ref name="bocker207">{{Harvnb|Böcker|1998|p=207}}</ref> By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc.<ref name="dowty114">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=114}}</ref> Restrictions implemented in the Eastern Bloc stopped most east–west migration, with only 13.3 million migrations westward between 1950 and 1990.<ref name="bocker209">{{Harvnb|Böcker|1998|p=209}}</ref> However, hundreds of thousands of [[East Germany|East Germans]] annually immigrated to [[West Germany]] through a "loophole" in the system that existed between East and West [[Berlin]], where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement.<ref name="harrison99">{{Harvnb|Harrison|2003|p=99}}</ref> The emigration resulted in massive "brain drain" from [[East Germany]] to [[West Germany]] of younger educated professionals, such that nearly 20% of East Germany's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961.<ref name="dowty122">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=122}}</ref> In 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the [[Berlin Wall]], effectively closing the loophole.<ref name="pearson75">{{Harvnb|Pearson|1998|p=75}}</ref> In 1989, the [[Berlin Wall#The Fall, 1989|Berlin Wall fell]], followed by [[German reunification]] and within two years the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].

By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling international movement was also emulated by China, [[Mongolia]], and [[North Korea]].<ref name="dowty114"/> North Korea still tightly restricts emigration, and maintains one of the strictest emigration bans in the world,<ref name="dowty208">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=208}}</ref> although some North Koreans still manage to illegally emigrate to China.<ref>Kleinschmidt, Harald, ''Migration, Regional Integration and Human Security: The Formation and Maintenance of Transnational Spaces, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006,{{ISBN|0-7546-4646-7}}, page 110</ref> Other countries with tight emigration restrictions at one time or another included [[Angola]], [[Egypt]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tsourapas|first1=Gerasimos|title=Nasser's Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-'Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Countries|date=2016|volume=43|issue=3|pages=324–341|doi=10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708|s2cid=159943632|url=http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BJMES_Tsourapas.pdf|access-date=4 December 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120151508/http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BJMES_Tsourapas.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> [[Ethiopia]], [[Mozambique]], [[Somalia]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Burma]], [[Democratic Kampuchea|Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia from 1975 to 1979)]], [[Laos]], [[North Vietnam]], [[Iraq]], [[South Yemen]] and [[Cuba]].<ref name="dowty186">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1987|p=186}}</ref>