Editing Ethernet over twisted pair (section)

== Variants ==
[[File:twisted pair based ethernet.svg|600px|Comparison of twisted-pair-based Ethernet technologies]]
{{mw-datatable}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders mw-datatable" style="line-height:110%; text-align: right;" 
|+ Comparison of twisted-pair-based Ethernet physical transport layers (TP-PHYs)<ref name="TDG_ETH_2nd">{{cite book |title=Ethernet: The Definitive Guide |edition=2nd |author=Charles E. Spurgeon |publisher=O'Reilly Media |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4493-6184-6}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Standard (IEEE 802.3 clause number)
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Speed {{nowrap|(Mbit/s)}}{{Efn-ua|name=speed}}
! scope="col" | Pairs required
! scope="col" | Lanes per direction
! scope="col" | Data rate efficiency {{nowrap|(bit/s/Hz)}}{{Efn-ua|name=bitsperhertz}}
! scope="col" | [[Line code]]
! scope="col" | [[Symbol rate]] per lane (MBd) 
! scope="col" | Bandwidth (MHz){{Efn-ua|name=frequency}}
! scope="col" | Max distance (m)
! scope="col" | Cable{{Efn-ua|name=catreach}}
! scope="col" | Cable rating (MHz)
! scope="col" | Intended usage
|-
! scope="row" | [[StarLAN]]-1 ''1BASE5''
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3e-1987}}
| {{N/A|obsolete}}
| 1
| 2
| 1
| 1
| PE
| 1
| 1
| 250
| style="text-align:center;" | voice grade
| data-sort-value="12" | ~12
| style="text-align:center;" | [[LAN]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[StarLAN]]-10
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3e-1988}}
| {{N/A|obsolete}}
| 10
| 2
| 1
| 1
| PE
| 10
| 10
| data-sort-value="100" | ~100
| style="text-align:center;" | voice grade
| data-sort-value="12" | ~12
| style="text-align:center;" | LAN
|-
! scope="row" | [[LattisNet]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{fontcolour|grey|''pre 802.3i-1990''}}
| {{N/A|obsolete}}
| 10
| 2
| 1
| 1
| PE
| 10
| 10
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | voice grade
| data-sort-value="12" | ~12
| style="text-align:center;" | LAN
|- style="background-color: #FFD863"
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[Classic Ethernet|10BASE-T]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3i-1990}} (CL14)
| {{partial|legacy}}
| 10
| 2
| 1
| 1
| [[Manchester code|PE]]
| 10
| 10
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 3 cable|Cat&nbsp;3]]
| 16
| style="text-align:center;" | LAN <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ccontrols.com/pdf/ExtV2N6.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ccontrols.com/pdf/ExtV2N6.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Introduction To Fast Ethernet |publisher=Contemporary Control Systems, Inc. |date=2001-11-01 |accessdate=2018-08-25}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|10BASE-T1S}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|{{fontcolour|blue|802.3cg-2019}}}} (CL147)
| {{active|current}}
| 10
| 1
| 1
| 0.8
| [[4B5B]] [[Differential Manchester encoding|DME]]
| 25 
| 12.5
| data-sort-value="15" | 15 or 25{{Efn-ua|name=t1s}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 5 cable|Cat&nbsp;5]]
| 25
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Automotive]], [[IoT]], [[Machine to machine|M2M]] 
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|10BASE-T1L}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|{{fontcolour|blue|802.3cg-2019}}}} (CL146)
| {{active|current}}
| 10
| 1
| 1
| 2.6{{overline|6}}
| 4B3T [[PAM-3]]
| 7.5 
| 3.75
| 1,000
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 5 cable|Cat&nbsp;5]]
| 20
| style="text-align:center;" | Automotive, IoT, M2M
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[100BASE-T1]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3bw-2015}} (CL96)
| {{active|current}}
| 100
| 1
| 1
| 2.6{{overline|6}}
| 4B3B PAM-3
| 75
| 37.5
| 15
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 5e cable|Cat&nbsp;5e]]
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | Automotive, IoT, M2M
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[100BaseVG]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.12-1995}}
| {{N/A|obsolete}}
| 100
| 4
| 4
| 1.6{{overline|6}}
| 5B6B ''Half-duplex only''
| 30
| 15
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 3 cable|Cat&nbsp;3]]
| 16
| {{N/A|''Market failure''}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[100BASE-T4]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3u-1995}} (CL23)
| {{N/A|obsolete}}
| 100
| 4
| 3
| 2.6{{overline|6}}
| 8B6T PAM-3 ''Half-duplex only''
| 25
| 12.5
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 3 cable|Cat&nbsp;3]]
| 16
| {{N/A|''Market failure''}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[100BASE-T2]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3y-1997}} (CL32)
| {{N/A|obsolete}}
| 100
| 2
| 2
| 4
| LFSR PAM-5
| 25
| 12.5
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 3 cable|Cat&nbsp;3]]
| 16
| {{N/A|''Market failure''}}
|- style="background-color: #FEFE66"
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[100BASE-TX]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3u-1995}} (CL25)
| {{active|current}}
| 100
| 2
| 1
| 3.2
| 4B5B [[MLT-3]] [[Non-return-to-zero#Non-return-to-zero_inverted|NRZ-I]]
| 125
| 31.25
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 5 cable|Cat&nbsp;5]]
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | LAN
|- 
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[Gigabit Ethernet#1000BASE-TX|1000BASE‑TX]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3ab-1999}} (CL25),<br />{{nowrap|TIA/EIA 854 (2001)}}
| {{N/A|obsolete}}
| 1,000
| 4
| 2
| 4
| PAM-5
| 250
| 125
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 6 cable|Cat&nbsp;6]]
| 250
| {{N/A|''Market failure''}}
|- style="background-color: #dcef60"
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[1000BASE‑T]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3ab-1999}} (CL40)
| {{active|current}}
| 1,000
| 4
| 4
| 4
| [[Trellis coded modulation|TCM]] 4D-PAM-5
| 125
| 62.5
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 5 cable|Cat&nbsp;5]]
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | LAN
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[1000BASE-T1]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3bp-2016}} (CL97)
| {{active|current}}
| 1,000
| 1
| 1
| 2.6{{overline|6}}
| PAM-3 80B/81B RS-FEC
| 750
| 375
| 40
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 6A cable|Cat&nbsp;6A]]
| 500
| style="text-align:center;" | Automotive, IoT, M2M
|- style="background-color: #A0DB76"
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[2.5GBASE-T]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3bz-2016}} (CL126)
| {{active|current}}
| 2,500
| 4
| 4
| 6.25
| 64B65B PAM-16 [[128-DSQ]]
| 200
| 100
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 5e cable|Cat&nbsp;5e]]
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | LAN
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|2.5GBASE-T1}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|{{fontcolour|blue|802.3ch-2020}}}} (CL149)
| {{active|current}}
| 2,500
| 1
| 1
| 3.5{{overline|5}}
| 64B/65B PAM-4 RS-FEC
| 1,406.25
| 703.125
| 15
|
| 1,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Automotive, IoT, M2M
|- style="background-color: #84DBBF"
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[5GBASE-T]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3bz-2016}} (CL126)
| {{active|current}}
| 5,000
| 4
| 4
| 6.25
| 64B65B PAM-16 128-DSQ
| 400
| 200
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 6 cable|Cat&nbsp;6]]
| 250
| style="text-align:center;" | LAN
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|5GBASE-T1}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|{{fontcolour|blue|802.3ch-2020}}}} (CL149)
| {{active|current}}
| 5,000
| 1
| 1
| 3.5{{overline|5}}
| 64B/65B PAM-4 RS-FEC
| 2,812.5
| 1,406.25
| 15
|
| 2,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Automotive, IoT, M2M
|- style="background-color: #79D2F8"
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[10GBASE-T]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3an-2006}} (CL55)
| {{active|current}}
| 10,000
| 4
| 4
| 6.25
| 64B65B PAM-16 128-DSQ
| 800
| 400
| 100
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 6A cable|Cat&nbsp;6A]]
| 500
| style="text-align:center;" | LAN
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|10GBASE-T1}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|{{fontcolour|blue|802.3ch-2020}}}} (CL149)
| {{active|current}}
| 10,000
| 1
| 1
| 3.5{{overline|5}}
| 64B/65B PAM-4 RS-FEC
| 5,625
| 2,812.5
| 15
|
| 4,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Automotive, IoT, M2M
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[25GBASE-T]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3bq-2016}} (CL113)
|rowspan=2 {{active|current (not marketed)}}
| 25,000
| 4
| 4
| 6.25
| PAM-16 RS-FEC (192, 186) LDPC
| 2,000
| 1,000
| 30
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 8 cable|Cat&nbsp;8]]
| 2,000
| style="text-align:center;" | LAN, [[Data Center]]
|-
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[40GBASE-T]]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3bq-2016}} (CL113)
| 40,000
| 4
| 4
| 6.25
| PAM-16 RS-FEC (192, 186) LDPC
| 3,200
| 1,600
| 30
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Category 8 cable|Cat&nbsp;8]]
| 2,000
| style="text-align:center;" | LAN, Data Center
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Standard
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Speed {{nowrap|(Mbit/s)}}{{Efn-ua|name=speed}}
! scope="col" | Pairs required
! scope="col" | Lanes per direction
! scope="col" | Data rate efficiency {{nowrap|(bit/s/Hz)}}{{Efn-ua|name=bitsperhertz}}
! scope="col" | [[Line code]]
! scope="col" | [[Symbol rate]] per lane (MBd) 
! scope="col" | Bandwidth (MHz){{Efn-ua|name=frequency}}
! scope="col" | Max distance (m)
! scope="col" | Cable{{Efn-ua|name=catreach}}
! scope="col" | Cable rating (MHz)
! scope="col" | Usage
|}

{{notelist-ua|refs=
{{efn-ua|name=speed|Transfer speed{{nbsp}}{{=}} lanes{{nbsp}}× bits per hertz{{nbsp}}× spectral bandwidth}}
{{efn-ua|name=bitsperhertz|Effective bit/s per hertz per lane after loss to encoding overhead}}
{{efn-ua|name=frequency|The [[spectral bandwidth]] is the maximum rate at which the signal will complete one cycle. It is typically half the [[symbol rate]], because one can send a symbol both at the positive and negative peak of the cycle. Exceptions are 10BASE-T where it is equal because it uses [[Manchester code]], and 100BASE-TX where it is one quarter because it uses [[MLT-3 encoding]].}}
{{efn-ua|name=catreach|At shorter cable length, it is possible to use cables of a lower grade than required for 100{{nbsp}}m. For example, it is possible to use 10GBASE-T on a {{no wrap|[[Cat 6]]}} cable of 55{{nbsp}}m or less. Likewise 5GBASE-T is expected to work with Cat{{nbsp}}5e in most use cases.}}
{{efn-ua|name=t1s|15&nbsp;m for point-to-point links, 25&nbsp;m for mixing/multi-tap segments}}
}}