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==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=Becker>{{cite journal|author=Becker, Jonathan J. |year=1987|title= Revision of ''"Falco" ramenta'' Wetmore and the Neogene evolution of the Falconidae|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume=104|issue=2|pages= 270–76|jstor = 4087033|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v104n02/p0270-p0276.pdf|doi=10.1093/auk/104.2.270}}</ref> <ref name=Feduccia>[[UMMP]] V27159, V29107, V57508-V57510, V57513/V57514 some limb bones. Slightly smaller than a [[merlin (bird)|merlin]] and more robust than [[American kestrel]], and seems not too distant from ''F. columbarius''. {{cite journal|author=Feduccia, J. Alan |year=1970|title= Some birds of prey from the Upper Pliocene of Kansas|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume=87|issue=4|pages= 795–97|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v087n04/p0795-p0797.pdf|doi=10.2307/4083714|last2=Ford|first2=Norman L.|jstor=4083714}}</ref> <ref name=Griffiths1999>{{cite journal|author=Griffiths, Carole S. |year=1999|title= Phylogeny of the Falconidae inferred from molecular and morphological data|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume=116|issue=1|pages= 116–30|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v116n01/p0116-p0130.pdf|doi=10.2307/4089459|jstor=4089459}}</ref> <ref name=Griffiths2004>{{cite journal|author1=Griffiths, Carole S. |author2=Barrowclough, George F. |author3=Groth, Jeff G. |author4=Mertz, Lisa |year=2004|title= Phylogeny of the Falconidae (Aves): a comparison of the efficacy of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=32|issue=1|pages= 101–09|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.019|pmid=15186800|bibcode=2004MolPE..32..101G }}</ref> <ref name=Groombridge>{{cite journal|author1=Groombridge, Jim J. |author2=Jones, Carl G. |author3=Bayes, Michelle K. |author4=van Zyl, Anthony J. |author5=Carrillo, José |author6=Nichols, Richard A. |author7=Bruford, Michael W. |year=2002|title= A molecular phylogeny of African kestrels with reference to divergence across the Indian Ocean|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=25|issue=2|pages= 267–77|doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00254-3|pmid=12414309|bibcode=2002MolPE..25..267G }}</ref> <ref name=Helbig>Helbig, A.J.; Seibold, I.; Bednarek, W.; Brüning, H.; Gaucher, P.; Ristow, D.; Scharlau, W.; Schmidl, D. & Wink, Michael (1994): [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1994/4.%201994.pdf Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene]. ''In:'' Meyburg, B.-U. & Chancellor, R.D. (eds.): ''Raptor conservation today'': pp. 593–99</ref> <ref name=j1>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.1257767|title=Falcon visual acuity|year=1976|last1=Fox|first1=R|last2=Lehmkuhle|first2=S.|last3=Westendorf|first3=D.|journal=Science|volume=192|issue=4236|pages=263–65|pmid=1257767|bibcode=1976Sci...192..263F}}</ref> <ref name=Johnson>{{cite journal|author1=Johnson, J.A. |author2=Burnham, K.K. |author3=Burnham, W.A. |author4=Mindell, D.P. |year=2007|title= Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=16|pages=3145–60|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03373.x|issue=15|pmid=17651193|bibcode=2007MolEc..16.3145J |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71471/1/j.1365-294X.2007.03373.x.pdf|hdl=2027.42/71471 |s2cid=17437176 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=Martin>Fox Canyon Local Fauna, 4.3–4.8 [[million years ago]]: Martin, R.A.; Honey, J.G. & Pelaez-Campomanes, P. (2000): [http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/OFR/2000/OFR00_61/index.html The Meade Basin Rodent Project; a progress report]. Kansas Geological Survey Open-file Report 2000-61. ''Paludicola'' '''3'''(1): 1–32.</ref> <ref name=Mlikovsky>Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf ''Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf |date=20 May 2011 }}. Ninox Press, Prague<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk 121:623–27 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 --></ref> <ref name=Nittinger>{{cite journal|author1=Nittinger, F. |author2=Haring, E. |author3=Pinsker, W. |author4=Wink, Michael |author5=Gamauf, A. |year=2005|title= Out of Africa? Phylogenetic relationships between ''Falco biarmicus'' and other hierofalcons (Aves Falconidae)|journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research|volume=43|issue=4|pages= 321–31|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00326.x|url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/2005/28.2005.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=Sobolev>[[National Academy of Science of Ukraine|NNPM NAN]] 41-646. Almost complete left [[tarsometatarsus]]. Probably a prehistoric hobby, perhaps less specialized for bird hunting: Sobolev, D.V. (2003): [http://www.v-zool.kiev.ua/pdfs/2003/6/11.pdf Новый вид плиоценового сокола (Falconiformes, Falconidae)] [A new species of Pliocene falcon (Falconiformes, Falconidae)] ''Vestnik zoologii'' 37 (6): 85–87. [Russian with English abstract]</ref> <ref name=White>White, Clayton M.; Olsen, Penny D. & Kiff, Lloyd F. (1994): Family Falconidae. ''In:'' del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (editors): ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]], Volume 2 (New World Vultures to Guineafowl)'': 216–75, plates 24–28. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. {{ISBN|84-87334-15-6}}</ref> <ref name=Wink1998>Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F. & Bednarek, W. (1998): [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1998/31.%201998.pdf Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes)]. ''In:'' Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eds.): ''Holarctic Birds of Prey'': 29–48. Adenex & WWGBP</ref> <ref name=Wink2000>Wink, Michael & Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2000): [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/2000/29.%202000.pdf Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors]. ''In:'' Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds): ''Raptors at Risk'': 135–47. WWGBP/Hancock House, Berlin/Blaine.</ref> <ref name=Wink2004>Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi; Ellis, David & Kenward, Robert (2004): [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/2004/27.2004.pdf Phylogenetic relationships in the Hierofalco complex (Saker-, Gyr-, Lanner-, Laggar Falcon)]. ''In:'' Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds.): ''Raptors Worldwide'': 499–504. WWGBP, Berlin</ref> }}
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