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Fallacy
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=== Common examples === {{main|List of fallacies#Formal fallacies}} ==== Ecological fallacy ==== An [[ecological fallacy]] is committed when one draws an inference from data based on the premise that qualities observed for groups necessarily hold for individuals; for example, "if countries with more Protestants tend to have higher suicide rates, then Protestants must be more likely to commit suicide".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Ecological Fallacy |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods |publisher=Sage |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Freedman |first=David A. |editor-last=Lewis-Beck |editor-first=Michael S. |pages=293β295 |isbn=978-0761923633 |editor2-first=Alan |editor2-last=Bryman |editor3-first=Tim Futing |editor3-last=Liao}}</ref> ==== Observational interpretation fallacy ==== The ''[[observational interpretation fallacy]]'' is a cognitive bias that occurs exclusively in the medical field, leading to the mistaken interpretation of observed associations as causal relationships, negatively impacting medical guidelines, clinical decisions, and healthcare practices, potentially compromising patient safety.<ref>D'Amico, F., Marmiere, M., Fonti, M., Battaglia, M., & Belletti, A. (2025). Association Does Not Mean Causation, When Observational Data Were Misinterpreted as Causal: The Observational Interpretation Fallacy. ''Journal of evaluation in clinical practice'', ''31''(1), e14288. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.14288</nowiki></ref>
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