Editing Flashbulb memory (section)

=== Consequence ===

It was proposed that the intensity of initial emotional reaction, rather than perceived consequence, is a primary determinant of flashbulb memories.  Flashbulb memories of the 1981 [[Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan|assassination attempt on President Reagan]] were studied, and it was found that participants had accurate flashbulb memories seven months after the shooting.  Respondents reported flashbulb memories, despite low consequence ratings.  This study only evaluated the consequence of learning about a flashbulb event, and not how the consequences of being involved with the event affects accuracy.  Therefore, some people were unsure of the extent of injury, and most could only guess about the eventual outcomes.<ref name = "Pillemer">{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Pillemer | first1 = David B. 
| title = Flashbulb memories of the assassination attempt on President Reagan 
| doi = 10.1016/0010-0277(84)90036-2 
| journal = Cognition 
| volume = 16 
| issue = 1 
| pages = 63–80 
|date=February 1984
| pmid =  6540649
| s2cid = 32368291 
}}</ref> Two models of flashbulb memory state that the consequences of an event determines the intensity of emotional reactions.  The Importance Driven Emotional Reactions Model indicates that personal consequences determine intensity of emotional reactions.  The consequence of an event is a critical variable in the formation and maintenance of a flashbulb memory.  These propositions were based on flashbulb memories of the Marmara earthquake.<ref name = "Wiley">{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Er | first1 = Nurhan 
| title = A new flashbulb memory model applied to the Marmara earthquake 
| doi = 10.1002/acp.870 
| journal = Applied Cognitive Psychology 
| volume = 17 
| issue = 5 
| pages = 503–517 
|date=July 2003
| url = http://psicobiologia.campusnet.unito.it/didattica/att/03c8.1087.file.pdf
}}</ref> The other model of flashbulb memory, called the Emotional-Integrative model, proposes that both personal importance and consequence determine the intensity of one's emotional state.<ref name = "Finkenauer">{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Finkenauer | first1 = C. 
| last2 = Luminet | first2 = O. 
| last3 = Gisle | first3 = L. 
| last4 = El-Ahmadi | first4 = A. 
| last5 = Van Der Linden | first5 = M. 
| last6 = Philippot | first6 = P. 
| title = Flashbulb memories and the underlying mechanisms of their formation: Toward an emotional-integrative model 
| journal = Memory & Cognition 
| volume = 26 
| issue = 3 
| pages = 516–531 
|date=May 1998
| pmid = 9610122
| url = http://psicobiologia.campusnet.unito.it/didattica/att/4ab8.9646.file.pdf | doi=10.3758/bf03201160
| doi-access = free 
}}</ref> Overall, the majority of research found on flashbulb memories demonstrates that consequences of an event play a key role in the accuracy of flashbulb memories. The death of Pope John Paul II did not come as a surprise but flashbulb memories were still found in individuals who were affected. This shows a direct link between emotion and event memory, and emphasizes how attitude can play a key factor in determining importance and consequence for an event.  Events being high in importance and consequence lead to more vivid and long-lasting flashbulb memories.<ref name="Tinti, C. 2009">{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Tinti | first1 = Carla
| last2 = Schmidt | first2 = Susanna
| last3 = Sotgiu | first3 = Igor 
| last4 = Testa | first4 = Silvia
| last5 = Curci | first5 = Antonietta 
| title = The role of importance/consequentiality appraisal in flashbulb memory formation: The case of the death of Pope John Paul II 
| doi = 10.1002/acp.1452 
| journal = Applied Cognitive Psychology 
| volume = 23 
| issue = 2 
| pages = 236–253
|date=February 2009 
| hdl = 2318/28583
| hdl-access = free}}</ref>