Editing Fractal compression (section)

==History==
[[Michael Barnsley]] led the development of fractal compression from 1985 at the Georgia Institute of Technology (where both Barnsley and Sloan were professors in the mathematics department).<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Barnsley |first1=Michael | last2=Sloan | first2=Alan |date=January 1988 |title=A Better Way to Compress Images |url= |magazine=Byte |pages=215–223 |access-date=}}</ref> The work was sponsored by [[DARPA]] and the [[Georgia Tech Research Institute|Georgia Tech Research Corporation]]. The project resulted in several [[patent]]s from 1987.<ref>{{US patent|4941193}}{{snd}} Barnsley and Sloan's first [[iterated function system]] patent, filed in October 1987</ref> Barnsley's graduate student Arnaud Jacquin implemented the first automatic algorithm in software in 1992.<ref>[http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/tech-reports/95-05.ps Using Fractal Coding to Index Image Content for a Digital Library] Tech report</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacquin |first1=A.E. |title=Image coding based on a fractal theory of iterated contractive image transformations |journal=IEEE Transactions on Image Processing |date=1992 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=18–30 |doi=10.1109/83.128028 |pmid=18296137 |bibcode=1992ITIP....1...18J |citeseerx=10.1.1.456.1530 }}</ref> All methods are based on the [[fractal transform]] using [[iterated function system]]s. Michael Barnsley and Alan Sloan formed Iterated Systems Inc.<ref>Iterated Systems Inc. changed its name to [http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2036/93176301000662/filing-main MediaBin Inc. Inc.] in 2001 and in turn was bought out by Interwoven, Inc. in 2003)</ref> in 1987 which was granted over 20 additional patents related to fractal compression.

A major breakthrough for Iterated Systems Inc. was the automatic fractal transform process which eliminated the need for human intervention during compression as was the case in early experimentation with fractal compression technology. In 1992, Iterated Systems Inc. received a US$2.1 million government grant<ref>[http://www.atp.nist.gov/eao/sp950-3/info_tech.pdf NIST SP950-3, "Capturing and Integrating Patient Healthcare Information to Improve Accessibility"; see page 36, "MediaBin Fractal-Based Technology to Compress Digital Image Files"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175932/http://www.atp.nist.gov/eao/sp950-3/info_tech.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }}</ref> to develop a prototype digital image storage and decompression chip using fractal transform image compression technology.

Fractal image compression has been used in a number of commercial applications: [[onOne Software]], developed under license from Iterated Systems Inc., [[Genuine Fractals]] 5<ref>[https://archive.today/20090206211441/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/macuser/reviews/15870/genuine-fractals.html?searchString=fractal Genuine Fractals Product Review]</ref> which is a [[Photoshop]] plugin capable of saving files in compressed FIF (Fractal Image Format). To date the most successful use of still fractal image compression is by [[Microsoft]] in its [[Encarta]] multimedia encyclopedia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathaware.org/mam/98/articles/theme.essay.html|title=MAW 1998: Theme Essay|website=www.mathaware.org|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=31 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831070652/http://www.mathaware.org/mam/98/articles/theme.essay.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> also under license.

Iterated Systems Inc. supplied a shareware encoder (Fractal Imager), a stand-alone decoder, a Netscape plug-in decoder and a development package for use under Windows. The redistribution of the "decompressor DLL" provided by the ColorBox III SDK was governed by restrictive per-disk or year-by-year licensing regimes for proprietary software vendors and by a discretionary scheme that entailed the promotion of the Iterated Systems products for certain classes of other users.<ref>{{cite news | title=The big squeeze | last=Aitken | first=William | journal=Personal Computer World |date=May 1994 }}</ref>

ClearVideo{{snd}} also known as [[RealVideo]] (Fractal){{snd}} and SoftVideo were early fractal video compression products. ClearFusion was Iterated's freely distributed streaming video plugin for web browsers. In 1994 SoftVideo was licensed to [[Spectrum Holobyte]] for use in its [[CD-ROM]] games including Falcon Gold and [[Star Trek: The Next Generation A Final Unity]].<ref>[http://www.startrekgames.cz/downloads/fu_manual_cz.pdf 1994 Manual] specifying on page 11 SoftVideo under license to Spectrum Holobyte</ref>

In 1996, Iterated Systems Inc. announced<ref>{{cite press release |title=Mitsubishi Corporation Inks Agreement With Iterated Systems |publisher=Iterated Systems |date=29 October 1996 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1996_Oct_29/ai_18810482/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708114422/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1996_Oct_29/ai_18810482/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=8 July 2012 }}</ref> an alliance with the [[Mitsubishi]] Corporation to market ClearVideo to their Japanese customers. The original ClearVideo 1.2 decoder driver is still supported<ref>{{cite web |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/291948/en-us |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028083759/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/291948/EN-US/ |archivedate=28 October 2004 |title=Windows Media Player for Windows XP Supported Codecs |date=31 October 2003 }}</ref> by Microsoft in [[Windows Media Player]] although the encoder is no longer supported.

Two firms, Total Multimedia Inc. and Dimension, both claim to own or have the exclusive licence to Iterated's video technology, but neither has yet released a working product. The technology basis appears to be Dimension's U.S. patents 8639053 and 8351509, which have been considerably analyzed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paulschlessinger.wordpress.com/2014/04|title=April - 2014 - Due Diligence Study of Fractal Video Technology|website=paulschlessinger.wordpress.com|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> In summary, it is a simple quadtree block-copying system with neither the bandwidth efficiency nor PSNR quality of traditional DCT-based codecs. In January 2016, TMMI announced that it was abandoning fractal-based technology altogether.

Research papers between 1997 and 2007 discussed possible solutions to improve fractal algorithms and encoding hardware.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kominek |first1=John |title=Advances in fractal compression for multimedia applications |journal=Multimedia Systems |date=1 June 1997 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=255–270 |doi=10.1007/s005300050059 |citeseerx=10.1.1.47.3709 |s2cid=6016583 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Harada |first1=Masaki |last2=Kimoto |first2=Tadahiko |last3=Fujii |first3=Toshiaki |last4=Tanimoto |first4=Masayuki |chapter=Fast calculation of IFS parameters for fractal image coding |pages=457–464 |id={{INIST|1380599}} |doi=10.1117/12.386580 |s2cid=30148845 |bibcode=2000SPIE.4067..457H |editor1-last=Ngan |editor1-first=King N |editor2-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Sikora |editor3-first=Ming-Ting |editor3-last=Sun |year=2000 |title=Visual Communications and Image Processing 2000 |volume=4067 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1109/ADCOM.2006.4289976 |chapter=Fractal image compression performance synthesis through HV partitioning |title=2006 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications |year=2006 |last1=Rajkumar |first1=Wathap Sapankumar |last2=Kulkarni |first2=M.V. |last3=Dhore |first3=M.L. |last4=Mali |first4=S.N. |pages=636–637 |isbn=978-1-4244-0715-6 |s2cid=15370862 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.actapress.com/PaperInfo.aspx?PaperID=13701&reason=500 Simple and Fast Fractal Image Compression] Circuits, Signals, and Systems - 2003</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Ming-Sheng |last2=Jeng |first2=Jyh-Horng |last3=Hsieh |first3=Jer-Guang |title=Schema genetic algorithm for fractal image compression |journal=Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence |date=June 2007 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=531–538 |doi=10.1016/j.engappai.2006.08.005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Xianwei |last2=Jackson |first2=David Jeff |last3=Chen |first3=Hui-Chuan |title=A fast fractal image encoding method based on intelligent search of standard deviation |journal=Computers & Electrical Engineering |date=September 2005 |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=402–421 |doi=10.1016/j.compeleceng.2005.02.003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Xianwei |last2=Jackson |first2=David Jeff |last3=Chen |first3=Hui-Chuan |title=Novel fractal image-encoding algorithm based on a full-binary-tree searchless iterated function system |journal=Optical Engineering |date=2005 |volume=44 |issue=10 |pages=107002 |doi=10.1117/1.2076828 |bibcode=2005OptEn..44j7002W }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Truong |first1=Trieu-Kien |last2=Jeng |first2=Jyh H. |chapter=Fast classification method for fractal image compression |pages=190–193 |doi=10.1117/12.409247 |s2cid=120032052 |bibcode=2000SPIE.4122..190T |editor1-last=Schmalz |editor1-first=Mark S |year=2000 |title=Mathematics and Applications of Data/Image Coding, Compression, and Encryption III |volume=4122 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/11595755_92 |chapter=Toward Real Time Fractal Image Compression Using Graphics Hardware |title=Advances in Visual Computing |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |year=2005 |last1=Erra |first1=Ugo |volume=3804 |pages=723–728 |hdl=11563/14075 |isbn=978-3-540-30750-1 }}</ref>