Editing Frameshift mutation (section)

====Fluorescence====

The effects of neighboring bases and secondary structure to detect the frequency of frameshift mutations has been investigated in depth using [[fluorescence]]. Fluorescently tagged DNA, by means of base analogues, permits one to study the local changes of a DNA sequence.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Neil P. |last=Johnson |author2=Walter A. Baase |author3=Peter H. von Hippel  |title=Low-energy circular dichroism of 2-aminopurine dinucleotide as a probe of local conformation of DNA and RNA |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |date=March 2004 |volume=101 |issue=10 |pages=3426–31 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0400591101 |pmid=14993592 |pmc=373478|bibcode=2004PNAS..101.3426J |doi-access=free }}</ref> Studies on the effects of the length of the primer strand reveal that an equilibrium mixture of four hybridization conformations was observed when template bases looped-out as a bulge, i.e. a structure flanked on both sides by duplex DNA. In contrast, a double-loop structure with an unusual unstacked DNA conformation at its downstream edge was observed when the extruded bases were positioned at the primer–template junction, showing that misalignments can be modified by neighboring DNA secondary structure.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Walter A. |last=Baase |author2=Davis Jose  |author3=Benjamin C. Ponedel  |author4=Peter H. von Hippel  |author5=Neil P. Johnson  |title=DNA models of trinucleotide frameshift deletions: the formation of loops and bulges at the primer–template junction |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |doi=10.1093/nar/gkn1042 |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=1682–9 |pmid=19155277 |pmc=2655659 |url=|year=2009 }}</ref>