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== North America == === Canada === ====Quebec==== [[File:Office quĂ©bĂ©cois de la langue française.jpg|thumb|The {{Lang|fr|[[Office quĂ©bĂ©cois de la langue française]]|italic=no}}'s main office, located in the old building of the [[Ăcole des beaux-arts de MontrĂ©al]]]] The [[Government of Quebec]] has francization policies intended to establish French as the primary language of business and commerce. All businesses are required to provide written communications and schedules in French, and may not make knowledge of a language other than French a condition of hiring unless this is justified by the nature of the duties. Businesses with more than fifty employees are required to register with the [[Office quĂ©bĂ©cois de la langue française|Quebec Office of the French language]] in order to become eligible for a francization certificate, which is granted if the linguistic requirements are met. If not, employers are required to adopt a francization programme, which includes having employees, especially ones in managerial positions, who do not speak French or whose grasp of French is weak attend French-language training.<ref>[http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/english/infoguides/summary_languagework_20050825.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008033551/http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/english/infoguides/summary_languagework_20050825.pdf|date=8 October 2006}}</ref> As part of the francization programme, the Quebec government provides free language courses for recent immigrants (from other countries or other provinces) who do not speak French or whose command of French is weak. The government also provides financial assistance for those who are unable to find employment because they are unable to speak French.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.immigration-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/french-language/learning-quebec/index.html |title=Information from the Quebec government |access-date=11 April 2007 |archive-date=3 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403005254/http://www.immigration-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/french-language/learning-quebec/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another aspect of francization in Quebec regards the quality of the French used in Quebec. The Quebec Office of the French language has, since its formation, undertaken to discourage [[anglicisms]] and to promote high standards of French-language education in schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/english/charter/index.html |title=English section- The Charter of the French language |publisher=Oqlf.gouv.qc.ca |access-date=2015-05-29}}</ref> <!--<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/328688 ''Quebec French: Attitudes and Pedagogical Perspectives''] by Jean-Marie Salien</ref> --> The francization programs have been considered a great success. Although French as a mother tongue has gone from 80.6% to 77.4% in the province between 1971 and 2016,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Statistics Canada |title=The evolution of language populations in Canada, by mother tongue, from 1901 to 2016 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-630-x/11-630-x2018001-eng.htm |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca |date=21 February 2018}}</ref> knowledge of French among the province's population went from 88.5% to 94.5% over the same period.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Statistics Canada |title=Census in Brief: English, French and official language minorities in Canada |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016011/98-200-x2016011-eng.cfm |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |date=2 August 2017}}</ref> English as a mother tongue fell from 13.1% to 8.8%<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Statistics Canada |title=The evolution of language populations in Canada, by mother tongue, from 1901 to 2016 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-630-x/11-630-x2018001-eng.htm |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca |date=21 February 2018}}</ref> of the province's population between 1971 and 2016 while knowledge of French among people with English as a mother tongue rose from 37% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/communaction/en/communities/statistical-profiles/portrait-english-speaking-communities-quebec#bilingualism | title=A Portrait of the English-speaking Communities in QuĂ©bec | date=June 2011 }}</ref> to 69% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2019001/article/00014-eng.htm#a4 | title=Results from the 2016 Census: English-French bilingualism among Canadian children and youth | date=3 October 2019 }}</ref> over the same period. In 1971, only 14.6% of allophone students were studying in a French school. In 2012, that number had reached 87.5% <ref>{{cite web |url=https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2424541 |title=Indicateurs linguistiques : secteur de l'Ă©ducation / coordination et rĂ©daction, Direction des statistiques et de l'information dĂ©cisionnelle, Direction gĂ©nĂ©rale de la recherche, de l'Ă©valuation et des statistiques, Secteur des politiques et du soutien Ă la gestion}}</ref> [[Montreal]] is a particular interesting case because, unlike the rest of Quebec, the French-speaking proportion of the population diminished. However, this does not mean that the francization programmes failed, as the share of English speakers diminished as well; it seems more likely that the decrease was caused by the fact that 93% of new immigrants to Quebec choose to settle in Montreal,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cslf.gouv.qc.ca/publications/pubk103/k103ann6.html |title=Annexe | Le français langue commune :enjeu de la sociĂ©tĂ© quĂ©bĂ©coise :bilan de la situation de la langue française au QuĂ©bec en 1995 :rapport | Conseil supĂ©rieur de la langue française |publisher=Cslf.gouv.qc.ca |access-date=2015-05-29 |archive-date=6 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906054217/http://www.cslf.gouv.qc.ca/Publications/PubK103/K103Ann6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> with a corresponding rise in languages other than English and French. The government of Quebec estimates that, over the next 20 years, the Francophone proportion of Montreal will increase again.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/sociolinguistique/2005/f1_indic_115_graph_b.pdf |archive-url=https://waext.banq.qc.ca/wayback/20061228082101/http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/sociolinguistique/2005/f1_indic_115_graph_b.pdf |archive-date=2006-12-28 |url-status=dead |title=OQLF_FasLin-01-e.indd |access-date=24 April 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> But those estimations seem to underestimate the francization of Montreal for some experts, because statistics show that the proportion has already risen from 55.6% (1996) to 56.4% (2001).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/sociolinguistique/2005/f1_indic_12_graph_a.pdf |title=OQLF_FasLin-01-d.indd |archive-url=https://waext.banq.qc.ca/wayback/20061228081557/http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/sociolinguistique/2005/f1_indic_12_graph_a.pdf |archive-date=2006-12-28 |url-status=dead |access-date=10 September 2010 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The success of francization of Quebec can also be seen over the borders of its territory: in Ontario, the proportion of English speakers dropped from 70.5% in 2001 to 68% in 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=F&Geo1=PR&Code1=35&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=ontario&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=Profils des communautĂ©s de 2001 |language= fr |publisher=2.statcan.gc.ca |date=12 March 2002 |access-date=10 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=F&Geo1=PR&Code1=35&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=ontario&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=Profils des communautĂ©s de 2006 â Province/Territoire |language= fr |publisher=2.statcan.gc.ca |date=5 February 2010 |access-date=10 September 2010}}</ref> while the proportion of French speakers went up from 4.06% (488 815) in 2006 to 4.80% (580 000) in 2009. However, this statistic must be examined in conjunction with the effects of Quebec francophone out-migration. [[Interprovincial migration in Canada|Interprovincial migration]], especially to Ontario, results in a net loss of population in Quebec. The number of French-speaking Quebecers leaving the province tends to be similar to the number entering, while immigrants to Quebec tend to leave.<ref>Statistics Canada. "Factors Affecting the Evolution of Language Groups". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2006-10-27</ref> None of the Quebec statistics are adjusted to compensate for the percentageâapproximately 20%âof Anglophones who departed the province by the mid-1980s as a consequence of linguistic nationalism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jsis.washington.edu/canada/file/Migration_nationalism_pettinicchio_DOI.pdf |title=Migration and ethnic nationalism: Anglophone exit and the 'decolonisation' of QuĂ©bec |first=David |last=Pettinicchio |publisher=Jsis.washington.edu |access-date=2015-05-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529195837/http://jsis.washington.edu/canada/file/Migration_nationalism_pettinicchio_DOI.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> By 2001, over 60% of the 1971 population of Quebec Anglophones had left the province.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qln.ca/Documents/Knowledge%20Base/QCGN%20Presenters%20PPTs/200803~2.PPT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016232310/http://www.qln.ca/Documents/Knowledge%20Base/QCGN%20Presenters%20PPTs/200803~2.PPT |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2022 |title=Find more at North.ca | All Canadian : All The Time |publisher=Qln.ca |access-date=2015-05-29 }}</ref> The Charter of the French Language has been a complete success, according to HervĂ© Lavenir de Buffon (general secretary of the "ComitĂ© international pour le français, langue europĂ©enne"), who said in 2006: "Before Bill 101, Montreal looked like an American city. Now Montreal looks like a French-speaking city; that proves how well Bill 101 has worked!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida904-L-avenir-du-francais-en-Europe.html|title=L'avenir du français en Europe|date=3 August 2006 |publisher=Canalacademie.com|access-date=10 September 2010}}</ref> ==== New Brunswick ==== The policy has been even more successful in [[New Brunswick]], for example: the city of Edmundston went from around 89% French-speaking in 1996 to 93.4% in 2006, the city of Moncton from 30.4% in 1996 to 33% in 2006, Dalhousie (from 42.5% to 49.5%) and Dieppe (from 71.1% in 1996 to 74.2% in 2006). Some cities even passed 50% of French speakers between 1991 and 2006 like Bathurst, which passed from 44.6% of French speakers in 1996 to 50.5% in 2006, or Campbellton, from 47% in 1996 to 55% in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=F&Geo1=CMA&Code1=505__&Geo2=PR&Code2=10&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=Profils des communautĂ©s de 2006 - RĂ©gion mĂ©tropolitaine de recensement/AgglomĂ©ration de recensement |language= fr |publisher=2.statcan.gc.ca |date=5 February 2010 |access-date=10 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=F&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1313027&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Edmundston&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=Profils des communautĂ©s de 2001 |language= fr |publisher=2.statcan.gc.ca |date=12 March 2002 |access-date=10 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=F&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1313027&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Edmundston&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=Profils des communautĂ©s de 2006 - Subdivision de recensement |language= fr |publisher=2.statcan.gc.ca |date=5 February 2010 |access-date=10 September 2010}}</ref> Rates of francization may be established for any group by comparing the number of people who usually speak French to the total number of people in the minority language group. See [[Calvin Veltman]]'s ''Language Shift in the United States'' (1983) for a discussion.
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