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Frequency modulation
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===Modulation=== FM signals can be generated using either direct or indirect frequency modulation: * Direct FM modulation can be achieved by directly feeding the message into the input of a [[voltage-controlled oscillator]]. * For indirect FM modulation, the message signal is integrated to generate a [[phase modulation|phase-modulated signal]]. This is used to modulate a [[crystal oscillator|crystal-controlled oscillator]], and the result is passed through a [[frequency multiplier]] to produce an FM signal. In this modulation, narrowband FM is generated leading to wideband FM later and hence the modulation is known as indirect FM modulation.<ref>Haykin, Simon [Ed]. (2001). ''Communication Systems'', 4th ed.</ref>
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