Editing Gateway Arch (section)

===Delays and lawsuits===
[[File:June 1965 Arch Construction.jpg|thumb|Arch construction in June 1965]]
[[File:Arch Construction September 1965.jpg|thumb|Arch Construction September 1965]]
Although an [[actuary|actuarial]] firm predicted thirteen workers would die while building the arch, no workers were killed during the monument's construction.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Gateway Arch: A Reflection of America |date=April 15, 2008 |last=Johnson |first=Christopher |journal=[[Library Journal]] |volume=133 |issue=7 |page=120 |issn=0363-0277 }}</ref> <!-- doesn't belong in this section, need to move elsewhere --> However, construction of the arch was still often delayed by safety checks, funding uncertainties, and legal disputes.<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/582662522.html?dids=582662522:582662522&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI |title=630-foot High Gateway Arch Is Topped Out |date=October 29, 1965 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=D19 |access-date=December 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbLkCbW?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share3/pqimage/hnirs101v/201109141821/05072/32216/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Civil rights activists regarded the construction of the arch as a token of racial discrimination. On July 14, 1964, during the workers' lunchtime, civil rights protesters Percy Green and Richard Daly, both members of [[Congress of Racial Equality]], climbed {{convert|125|ft|m}} up the north leg of the arch to "expose the fact that federal funds were being used to build a national monument that was racially discriminating against black contractors and skilled black workers." As the pair disregarded demands to get off, protesters on the ground demanded that at least 10% of the skilled jobs belong to African Americans. Four hours later, Green and Daly dismounted from the arch to charges of "trespassing, peace disturbance, and resisting arrest."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lang |first=Clarence |year=2004 |title=Between Civil Rights and Black Power in the Gateway City: The Action Committee to Improve Opportunities for Negroes (ACTION), 1964–75 |journal=[[Journal of Social History]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=725–754 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2IdjjdHBQ8C&pg=PA231 |isbn=978-0-252-07648-0 |doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0013 |s2cid=143641956 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Moore">{{cite journal |last=Moore |first=Robert J. |date=1994 |title=Showdown Under the Arch: The Construction Trades and the First 'Pattern or Practice' Equal Employment Opportunity Suit, 1966 |journal=[[Missouri Historical Society|Gateway Heritage]] |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=30–43 |url=http://www.doi.gov/diversity/showdown.doc |access-date=January 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226110846/http://www.doi.gov/diversity/showdown.doc |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This incident ''inter alia'' spurred the [[United States Department of Justice]] to file the first [[Disparate treatment#Pattern or Practice Discrimination|pattern or practice]] case against AFL–CIO under [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]], on February 4, 1966, but the department later called off the charges.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Wright |first=John Aaron |title=Discovering African American St. Louis: A Guide to Historic Sites |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1pAFXCeGZUC&pg=PA4 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Missouri History Museum]] |location=Saint Louis |isbn=978-1-883982-45-4 |page=4 }}</ref> The 1966 lawsuit was an attempt by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance (OFCC) to desegregate building-trade unions nationwide. Many technical building unions had little or no African-American representation into the mid-1960s. During Lyndon Johnson's presidency, the federal government recognized the need for more integration in all levels of society and started enforcing equal employment opportunity through federally funded job contracts.<ref name=":0" />

In 1964, the Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Company of Warren, Pennsylvania, sued MacDonald for $665,317 for tax concerns. In 1965, NPS requested that Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel remove the prominent letters "P-D-M" (its initials) from a creeper derrick used for construction, contending that it was promotional and violated federal law with regards to advertising on national monuments. Although Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel initially refused to pursue what it considered a precarious venture, the company relented after discovering that leaving the initials would cost $225,000 and after that, $42,000 per month,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newspaperarchive.com/cache/89723979.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/637q729Ek?url=http://www.newspaperarchive.com/cache/89723979.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 11, 2011 |title=Cost Higher Than High Sign, So It Comes Down |date=August 25, 1965 |page=16 |work=[[The Salina Journal]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=November 11, 2011 }}</ref> and the NPS dropped its lawsuit.<ref name="Corrigan"/>

On October 26, 1965, the [[International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers|International Association of Ironworkers]] delayed work to ascertain that the arch was safe. After NPS director Kenneth Chapman gave his word that conditions were "perfectly safe," construction resumed on October 27.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/28/archives/gateway-arch-work-resumed.html |title=Gateway Arch Work Resumed |date=October 28, 1965 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=50 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbP2FLe?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share4/pqimage/hnirs104v/201109141821/56280/3570/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the discovery of 16 defects, the tram was also delayed from running. The [[Bi-State Development Agency]] assessed that it suffered losses of $2,000 for each day the trains were stagnant.<ref name="Hauck"/>

On January 7, 1966, members of [[AFL–CIO]] deserted their work on the visitor center,<ref name="Hauck"/> refusing to work with plumbers affiliated with [[Congress of Industrial Unions]] (CIU), which represented black plumbers. A representative of AFL–CIO said, "This policy has nothing to do with race. Our experience is that these CIU members have in the past worked for substandard wages."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/617084342.html?dids=617084342:617084342&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI |title=Union Dispute Stops Work on Gateway Arch |date=January 12, 1966 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=3 |access-date=January 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbTFsF5?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share4/pqimage/hnirs103v/201109141822/31539/3449/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> CIU applied to the [[National Labor Relations Board]] (NLRB) for an [[injunction]] that required the AFL–CIO laborers to return to work. On February 7, Judge [[John Keating Regan]] ruled that AFL–CIO workers had participated in a [[secondary boycott]]. By February 11, AFL–CIO resumed work on the arch, and an AFL–CIO contractor declared that ten African Americans were apprenticed for arch labor. The standstill in work lasted a month.<ref name="Moore"/>