Editing Globalization (section)

==Cultural globalization==
{{Main|Cultural globalization}}
[[File:Shakira Rio 03.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Shakira]], a Colombian multilingual singer-songwriter, playing outside her home country]]

Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.<ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=Paul|title=Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism|year=2006|publisher=Sage Publications|location=London|url=https://www.academia.edu/1642214|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429234210/https://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_2006_|archive-date=29 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, [[popular culture]] media, and international travel. This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization which have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe. The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders. The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely observed on a material level. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. It brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures.<ref>Manfred B. Steger and Paul James, 'Ideologies of Globalism', in Paul James and Manfred B. Steger, eds, [https://uws.academia.edu/PaulJames Globalization and Culture: Vol. 4, Ideologies of Globalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108143250/http://uws.academia.edu/PaulJames |date=8 November 2017 }}, Sage Publications, London, 2010. {{Cite book|title=The Anthropology of Globalization|last1=Inda|first1=Jonathan|last2=Rosaldo|first2=Renato|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2002|chapter=Introduction: A World in Motion}}</ref>

[[Cross-cultural communication]] is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. [[Intercultural communication]] is a related field of study.

[[Cultural diffusion]] is the spread of [[cultural]] items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc.
Cultural globalization has increased cross-cultural contacts, but may be accompanied by a decrease in the uniqueness of once-isolated communities. For example, [[sushi]] is available in Germany as well as Japan, but [[Euro-Disney]] outdraws the city of Paris, potentially reducing demand for "authentic" French pastry.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v25n3/globalization.pdf |title=Globalization and Culture |last1=Cowen |first1=Tyler |last2=Barber |first2=Benjamin |journal=Cato Policy Report |date=May–June 2003 |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119144402/http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v25n3/globalization.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>Nadeem, S (2009) [http://nadeem.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/04/CS_Nadeem.pdf Macaulay's (Cyber) Children: The Cultural Politics of Outsourcing in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620105537/http://nadeem.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/04/CS_Nadeem.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }}. Cultural Sociology</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hacker |first1=Violaine |title=Budovanie mediálneho priemyslu a podpora hodnotovo orientovanej spoločnosti v globalizácii: od chichotského výberu k pragmatickým výhodám EU občanov |trans-title=Building Medias Industry while Promoting a Community of Values in the Globalization: From Quixotic Choices to Pragmatic Boon for EU Citizens |journal=Politické vedy |date=2011 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=64–74 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=22943 |language=English |issn=1335-2741}}</ref> Globalization's contribution to the alienation of individuals from their traditions may be modest compared to the impact of modernity itself, as alleged by [[existentialists]] such as [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] and [[Albert Camus]]. Globalization has expanded recreational opportunities by spreading pop culture, particularly via the Internet and satellite television. The cultural diffusion can create a homogenizing force, where globalization is seen as synonymous with homogenizing force via connectedness of markets, cultures, politics and the desire for modernizations through imperial countries sphere of influence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fangjun|first=Cao|date=1 September 2009|title=Modernization Theory and China's Road to Modernization|journal=Chinese Studies in History|volume=43|issue=1|pages=7–16|doi=10.2753/CSH0009-4633430101|s2cid=145504998|issn=0009-4633}}</ref>

Religions were among the earliest cultural elements to globalize, being spread by force, migration, [[evangelism|evangelists]], imperialists, and traders. [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], and more recently sects such as [[Mormonism]] are among those religions which have taken root and influenced endemic cultures in places far from their origins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McAlister |first1=Elizabeth |title=Globalization and the Religious Production of Space |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |date=September 2005 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=249–255 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00283.x |url=https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/relifp-21}}</ref>

[[File:McDonalds in St Petersburg 2004.JPG|left|thumb|McDonald's is commonly seen as a symbol of globalization, often called [[McDonaldization]] of global society.]]
Globalization has [[Globalization of sports|strongly influenced sports]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/sport.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223201908/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/sport.jsp|title=Globalization and Sport: A Review by Susan Froetschel|archive-date=23 December 2016}}</ref> For example, the modern [[Olympic Games]] has [[athletes]] from more than 200 nations participating in a variety of competitions.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Overview of Olympic Games | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/428005/Olympic-Games | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date=4 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430005519/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/428005/Olympic-Games | archive-date=30 April 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[FIFA World Cup]] is the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games; a ninth of the entire population of the planet watched the [[2006 FIFA World Cup Final]].<ref name="2006coverage">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/index.html |title=2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before |work=FIFA.com |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=6 February 2007 |access-date=11 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120073325/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/index.html |archive-date=20 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Dunmore2011">{{cite book|first=Tom |last=Dunmore|title=Historical Dictionary of Soccer|url={{google books|id=9j1wbp2t1usC|page=235|plainurl=yes}}|date=2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7188-5|page=235|quote=The World Cup is now the most-watched sporting event in the world on television, above even the Olympic Games.}}</ref><ref name="Wong2012">{{cite book|first=Glenn M. |last=Wong|title=The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports|url={{google books|id=qEELS7T_Tm0C|page=144|plainurl=yes}}|date=8 March 2012|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-0203-1|pages=144–|quote=The World Cup is the most-watched sporting event in the world. In 2006, more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television, and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament.}}</ref>

The term globalization implies transformation. Cultural practices including traditional music can be lost or turned into a fusion of traditions. Globalization can trigger a state of emergency for the preservation of musical heritage. Archivists may attempt to collect, record, or transcribe repertoires before melodies are assimilated or modified, while local musicians may struggle for [[authenticity in art|authenticity]] and to preserve local musical traditions. Globalization can lead performers to discard traditional instruments. Fusion genres can become interesting fields of analysis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=Thomas |title="Competing Conceptions of Globalization" Revisited: Relocating the Tension between World-Systems Analysis and Globalization Analysis |journal=Comparative Education Review |date=August 2004 |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=274–294 |doi=10.1086/421180 |s2cid=56099753 |issn=0010-4086|url=https://uknowledge.uky.edu/lin_facpub/74 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Music has an important role in economic and cultural development during globalization. Music genres such as jazz and reggae began locally and later became international phenomena. Globalization gave support to the [[world music]] phenomenon by allowing music from developing countries to reach broader audiences.<ref>Throsby, David (2002). "The music industry in the new millennium: Global and Local Perspectives." [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233223/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/files/25428/11066604353The_Music_Industry_in_the_new_Millenium.pdf/The+Music+Industry+in+the+new+Millenium.pdf Paper prepared for The Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity Division of Arts and Cultural Enterprise UNESCO, Paris.]</ref> Though the term "World Music" was originally intended for ethnic-specific music, globalization is now expanding its scope such that the term often includes hybrid subgenres such as "world fusion", "global fusion", "ethnic fusion",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/ethnic-fusion-d224 |title=Ethnic fusion Music |website=Allmusic |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429235433/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/ethnic-fusion-d224 |archive-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[worldbeat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/worldbeat-d248 |title=Worldbeat |website=Allmusic |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503101554/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/worldbeat-d248 |archive-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/world_fusion_800/en_US#contents_top |title=World Fusion Music |publisher=worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314022819/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/world_fusion_800/en_US#contents_top |archive-date=14 March 2012  }}</ref>
[[File:Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_(3195324838).jpg|thumb|Use of [[chili pepper]] has spread from the Americas to cuisines around the world, including [[Thailand]], [[Korea]], [[China]], and [[Italy]].<ref>[http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/chili.jsp "Chili: Small Fruit Sets Global Palettes on Fire"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231072755/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/chili.jsp|date=31 December 2016}}, History of Globalization, YaleGlobal Online.</ref>]]

[[Bourdieu]] claimed that the perception of consumption can be seen as self-identification and the formation of identity. Musically, this translates into each individual having their own musical identity based on likes and tastes. These likes and tastes are greatly influenced by culture, as this is the most basic cause for a person's wants and behavior. The concept of one's own culture is now in a period of change due to globalization. Also, globalization has increased the interdependency of political, personal, cultural, and economic factors.<ref>Beard, David and Keneth Gloag. 2005. Musicology: The Key Concepts. London and New York: Routledge.</ref>

A 2005 [[UNESCO]] report<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/cscl/IntlFlows_EN.pdf |title=International Flows of Selected Goods and Services |access-date=31 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705155924/http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/cscl/IntlFlows_EN.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref> showed that cultural exchange is becoming more frequent from Eastern Asia, but that Western countries are still the main exporters of cultural goods. In 2002, China was the third largest exporter of cultural goods, after the UK and US. Between 1994 and 2002, both North America's and the [[European Union]]'s shares of cultural exports declined while Asia's cultural exports grew to surpass North America. Related factors are the fact that Asia's population and area are several times that of North America. Americanization is related to a period of high political American clout and of significant growth of America's shops, markets and objects being brought into other countries.

Some critics of globalization argue that it harms the diversity of cultures. As a dominating country's culture is introduced into a receiving country through globalization, it can become a threat to the diversity of local culture. Some argue that globalization may ultimately lead to [[Westernization]] or Americanization of culture, where the dominating cultural concepts of economically and politically powerful Western countries spread and cause harm to local cultures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aleteia.org/2018/04/11/why-do-we-need-religion-in-a-globalized-world/|title=Why do we need religion in a globalized world?|date=11 April 2018|work=Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412211940/https://aleteia.org/2018/04/11/why-do-we-need-religion-in-a-globalized-world/|archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>

Globalization is a diverse phenomenon that relates to a multilateral political world and to the increase of cultural objects and markets between countries. The Indian experience particularly reveals the [[Cultural pluralism|plurality]] of the impact of cultural globalization.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Biswajit |title=Cultural Changes and Challenges in the Era of Globalization: The Case of India |journal=Journal of Developing Societies |date=June 2011 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=153–175 |doi=10.1177/0169796X1102700203 |s2cid=145494090 |issn=0169-796X}}</ref>

[[Transculturalism]] is defined as "seeing oneself in the other".<ref name="CS">Cuccioletta, Donald. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160417212459/http://www.canadian-studies.net/lccs/LJCS/Vol_17/Cuccioletta.pdf Multiculturalism or Transculturalism: Towards a Cosmopolitan Citizenship.], London Journal of Canadian Studies 2001/2002 Vol. 17, Plattsburgh State University of New York, Interdisciplinary Research Group on the Americas</ref> Transcultural<ref name=FD/> is in turn described as "extending through all [[human culture]]s"<ref name="FD">[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/transcultural transcultural] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805221419/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/transcultural |date=5 August 2018 }}, thefreedictionary.com</ref> or "involving, encompassing, or combining elements of more than one [[culture]]".<ref name="YD">[http://www.yourdictionary.com/transcultural transcultural] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102032434/http://www.yourdictionary.com/transcultural |date=2 January 2018 }}, yourdictionary.com</ref> Children brought up in transcultural backgrounds are sometimes called [[third-culture kid]]s.