Editing Grammatical aspect (section)

==By language==

===Germanic languages===

====English====

The [[Uses of English verb forms#Tenses, aspects and moods|English tense–aspect system]] has two morphologically distinct tenses, [[Past tense#English|past]] and [[Nonpast tense|non-past]], the latter of which is also known as the ''present-future'' or, more commonly and less formally, simply the ''present''. No marker of a distinct future tense exists on the verb in English; the futurity of an event may be expressed through the use of the [[auxiliary verb]]s "[[will future|will]]" and "[[shall]]", by a non-past form plus an [[adverb]], as in "tomorrow we go to New York City", or by some other means. Past is distinguished from non-past, in contrast, with internal modifications of the verb. These two tenses may be modified further for [[progressive aspect]] (also called ''continuous'' aspect), for the [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]], or for both. These two aspectual forms are also referred to as BE +ING<ref>See, for example, {{cite journal | title=Why ''swimming'' is just as difficult as ''dying'' for Japanese learners of English | last1=Gabriele | first1=Allison | year=2003 | url=https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/tionin/www/MyDownloads/gabriele_2003.pdf | last2=McClure | first2=William | journal=ZAS Papers in Linguistics | volume=29 | page=1 | doi=10.21248/zaspil.29.2003.170 }} {{Dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref> and HAVE +EN,<ref>See, for example, {{cite journal | title=Some Structural Analogies between Tenses and Pronouns in English | last=Partee | first=Barbara H | journal=Journal of Philosophy | volume=70 | issue=18 | pages=601–609 | year=1973 | jstor=2025024 | doi=10.2307/2025024}}</ref> respectively, which avoids what may be unfamiliar terminology.

Aspects of the present tense:
* [[Present simple]] (not progressive, not perfect): "I eat"
* [[Present progressive]] (progressive, not perfect): "I am eating"
* [[Present perfect]] (not progressive, perfect): "I have eaten"
* [[Present perfect progressive]] (progressive, perfect): "I have been eating"
(While many elementary discussions of English grammar classify the present perfect as a past tense, it relates the action to the present time. One cannot say of someone now deceased that they "have eaten" or "have been eating". The present auxiliary implies that they are in some way ''present'' (alive), even when the action denoted is completed (perfect) or partially completed (progressive perfect).)

Aspects of the past tense:
* [[Past simple]] (not progressive, not perfect): "I ate"
* [[Past progressive]] (progressive, not perfect): "I was eating"
* [[Past perfect]] (not progressive, perfect): "I had eaten"
* [[Past perfect progressive]] (progressive, perfect): "I had been eating"

Aspects can also be marked on [[non-finite verb|non-finite]] forms of the verb: "(to) be eating" ([[infinitive]] with progressive aspect), "(to) have eaten" (infinitive with perfect aspect), "having eaten" ([[present participle]] or [[gerund]] with perfect aspect), etc. The perfect infinitive can further be governed by [[English modal verbs|modal verbs]] to express various meanings, mostly combining modality with past reference: "I should have eaten" etc. In particular, the modals ''will'' and ''shall'' and their subjunctive forms ''would'' and ''should'' are used to combine future or hypothetical reference with aspectual meaning: 
* [[Simple future]], [[simple conditional]]: "I will eat", "I would eat"
* [[Future progressive]], [[conditional progressive]]: "I will be eating", "I would be eating"
* [[Future perfect]], [[conditional perfect]]: "I will have eaten", "I would have eaten"
* [[Future perfect progressive]], [[conditional perfect progressive]]: "I will have been eating", "I would have been eating"

The uses of the progressive and perfect aspects are quite complex. They may refer to the viewpoint of the speaker:

:I was walking down the road when I met Michael Jackson's lawyer. (Speaker viewpoint in middle of action)
:I have traveled widely, but I have never been to [[Moscow]]. (Speaker viewpoint at end of action)

But they can have other [[illocutionary act|illocutionary forces]] or additional modal components:

:You are being stupid now. (You are doing it deliberately)
:You are not having chocolate with your sausages! (I forbid it)
:I am having lunch with Mike tomorrow. (It is decided)

English expresses some other aspectual distinctions with other constructions. ''[[Used to]]'' + VERB is a past [[Habitual aspect|habitual]], as in "I used to go to school," and ''[[going to]] / gonna'' + VERB is a [[prospective aspect|prospective]], a future situation highlighting current intention or expectation, as in "I'm going to go to school next year."

==== African American Vernacular English ====
The aspectual systems of certain dialects of English, such as [[African-American Vernacular English]] (see for example [[habitual be]]), and of [[English-based creole language|creoles]] based on English vocabulary, such as [[Hawaiian Creole English]], are quite different from those of standard English, and often reflect a more elaborate paradigm of aspectual distinctions (often at the expense of tense).<ref>Green, L. (1998). Aspect and predicate phrases in African-American vernacular English. ''African-American English: Structure, history, and use'', 37-68.</ref> The following table, appearing originally in Green (2002)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Lisa J.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511800306/type/book|title=African American English: A Linguistic Introduction|date=2002-08-08|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81449-2|edition=1|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511800306}}</ref> shows the possible aspectual distinctions in AAVE in their prototypical, negative and [[Stress (linguistics)|stressed]]/emphatic affirmative forms:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Aspectual Marking in AAVE
!Aspect/Tense
!Prototypical
!Stressed / Emphatic Affirmative
!Negative
|-
|[[Habitual aspect|Habitual]]
|'be eating'
(see [[Habitual be]])
|'DO be eating'
|'don('t) be eating'
|-
|[[Remote past tense|Remote Past]]
|'BIN eating'
(see <ref>Harris, Alysia and Jim Wood. 2013. Stressed BIN. ''Yale Grammatical Diversity Project: English in North America''. (Available online at http://ygdp.yale.edu/phenomena/stressed-bin . Accessed on 2020-06-10). Updated by Tom McCoy (2015) and Katie Martin (2018).</ref>)
|'HAVE BIN eating'
|'ain('t)/haven't BIN eating'
|-
|Remote Past [[Completive aspect|Completive]]
|'BIN ate'
|'HAD BIN ate'
|'ain('t)/haven't BIN ate'
|-
|[[Preterite|Remote Past Perfect]]
|'had BIN ate'
|'HAD BIN ate'
|'hadn't BIN ate'
|-
|[[Resultative|Resultant State]]
|'dən ate'
|'HAVE dən ate'
|'ain('t) dən ate'
|-
|Past Perfect Resultant State
|'had dən ate'
|'HAD dən ate'
|'hadn't dən ate'
|-
|[[Modal verb|Modal]] Resultant State
|'should'a dən ate'
| --
| --
|-
|Remote Past Resultant State
|'BIN dən ate'
|'HAVE BIN dən ate'
|'ain('t)/haven't BIN dən ate'
|-
|Remote Past Perfect Resultant State
|'had BIN dən ate'
| --
| --
|-
|Future Resultant State/[[Conditional sentence|Conditional]]
|' 'a be dən ate'
|'WILL be dən ate'
|'won't be dən ate'
|-
|Modal Resultant State
|'might/may be dən ate'
|'MIGHT/MAY be dən ate'
|'might/may not be dən ate'
|}

==== German vernacular and colloquial ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2023}}
Although [[Standard German]] does not have aspects, many [[Upper German]] and all [[West Central German]] dialects,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} and some more vernacular forms of German do make an aspectual distinction which partly corresponds with the English [[continuous aspect|continuous form]]: alongside the standard present tense ''Ich esse'' ('I eat') and past ''Ich aß'' ('I ate') there is the form ''Ich bin/war am essen/Essen'' ('I am/was at the eating'; capitalization varies). This is formed by the conjugated auxiliary verb ''sein'' ("to be") followed by the preposition and article ''am'' (=''an dem'') and the infinitive, which German uses in many constructions as a verbal noun.

In the Tyrolean and other Bavarian regiolect the prefix *da can be found, which form perfective aspects. "I hu's gleant" (Ich habe es gelernt = I learnt it) vs. "I hu's daleant" (*Ich habe es DAlernt = I succeeded in learning).{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==== Dutch ====
In [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (a [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]]), two types of [[continuous aspect|continuous form]] are used. Both types are considered Standard Dutch.

The first type is very similar to the non-standard German type. It is formed by the conjugated auxiliary verb ''zijn'' ("to be"), followed by ''aan het'' and the [[gerund]] (which in Dutch matches the infinitive). For example:

* [[Present progressive]]: ''Ik ben aan het werken'' ("I am working")
* [[Past progressive]]: ''Ik was aan het werken'' ("I was working")
* [[Future progressive]]: ''Ik zal aan het werken zijn'' ("I will be working")

The second type is formed by one of the conjugated auxiliary verbs ''liggen'' ("to lie"), ''zitten'' ("to sit"), ''hangen'' ("to hang"), ''staan'' ("to stand") or ''lopen'' ("to walk"), followed by the preposition ''te'' and the infinitive. The conjugated verbs indicate the stance of the subject performing or undergoing the action.

* [[Present progressive]]: ''Ik zit te eten'' ("I am eating [while sitting]"), ''De was hangt te drogen'' ("The laundry is drying [while hanging]")
* [[Past progressive]]: ''Ik lag te lezen'' ("I was reading [while lying]"), ''Ik stond te kijken'' ("I was watching [while standing]")
* [[Future progressive]]: ''Ik zal zitten werken'' ("I will be working [while sitting]")

Sometimes the meaning of the auxiliary verb is diminished to 'being engaged in'. Take for instance these examples:

* ''De leraar zit steeds te zeggen dat we moeten luisteren'' ("The teacher keeps telling us to listen")
* ''Iedereen loopt te beweren dat het goed was'' ("Everyone keeps on saying that it was good")
* ''Zit niet zo te zeuren'' ("Stop whining")

In these cases, there is generally an undertone of irritation.

===Slavic languages===
{{main|Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages}}
The [[Slavic languages]] make a clear distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects; it was in relation to these languages that the modern concept of aspect originally developed.

In Slavic languages, a given verb is, in itself, either perfective or imperfective. Consequently, each language contains many pairs of verbs, corresponding to each other in meaning, except that one expresses perfective aspect and the other imperfective. (This may be considered a form of [[lexical aspect]].) Perfective verbs are commonly formed from imperfective ones by the addition of a prefix, or else the imperfective verb is formed from the perfective one by modification of the stem or ending. [[Suppletion]] also plays a small role. Perfective verbs cannot generally be used with the meaning of a present tense – their present-tense forms in fact have future reference. An example of such a pair of verbs, from [[Polish language|Polish]], is given below:
*Infinitive (and [[dictionary form]]): ''pisać'' ("to write", imperfective); ''napisać'' ("to write", perfective)
*Present/simple future tense: ''pisze'' ("writes"); ''napisze'' ("will write", perfective)
*Compound future tense (imperfective only): ''będzie pisać'' ("will write, will be writing")
*Past tense: ''pisał'' ("was writing, used to write, wrote", imperfective); ''napisał'' ("wrote", perfective)

In at least the East Slavic and West Slavic languages, there is a three-way aspect differentiation for verbs of motion with the determinate imperfective, indeterminate imperfective, and perfective. The two forms of imperfective can be used in all three tenses (past, present, and future), but the perfective can only be used with past and future. The indeterminate imperfective expresses [[habitual aspect]] (or motion in no single direction), while the determinate imperfective expresses [[progressive aspect]]. The difference corresponds closely to that between the English "I (regularly) go to school" and "I am going to school (now)". The three-way difference is given below for the [[Russian grammar#Verbs of motion|Russian basic (unprefixed) verbs of motion]].

When [[prefix]]es are attached to Russian verbs of motion they become more or less normal imperfective/perfective pairs, with the indeterminate imperfective becoming the prefixed imperfective and the determinate imperfective becoming the prefixed perfective. For example, prefix ''при-'' ''pri-'' + indeterminate ''ходи́ть'' ''khodít{{'}}'' = ''приходи́ть'' ''prikhodít{{'}}'' (to arrive (on foot), impf.); and prefix ''при-'' ''pri-'' + determinate ''идти́'' ''idtí'' = ''прийти'' ''prijtí'' (to arrive (on foot), pf.).

 {| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="4" | Russian verbs of motion
|-
! colspan="2" | Imperfective 
! rowspan="2" | Perfective
! rowspan="2" | Translation
|-
! Indeterminate !! Determinate
|-
| ходи́ть<br />''khodít{{'}}'' || идти́<br />''idtí'' || пойти́<br />''pojtí'' || to go by foot (walk)
|-
| е́здить<br />''jézdit{{'}}'' || е́хать<br />''jékhat{{'}}'' || пое́хать<br />''pojékhat{{'}}'' || to go by transport (drive, train, bus, etc.)
|-
| бе́гать<br />''bégat{{'}}'' || бежа́ть<br />''bezhát{{'}}'' || побежа́ть<br />''pobezhát{{'}}'' || to run
|-
| броди́ть<br />''brodít{{'}}'' || брести́<br />''brestí'' || побрести́<br />''pobrestí'' || to stroll, to wander
|-
| гоня́ть<br />''gonját{{'}}'' || гнать<br />''gnat{{'}}'' || погна́ть<br />''pognát{{'}}'' || to chase, to drive (cattle, etc.)
|-
| ла́зить<br />''lázit{{'}}'' || лезть<br />''lezt{{'}}'' || поле́зть<br />''polézt{{'}}'' || to climb
|-
| лета́ть<br />''letát{{'}}'' || лете́ть<br />''letét{{'}}'' || полете́ть<br />''poletét{{'}}'' || to fly
|-
| пла́вать<br />''plávat{{'}}'' || плыть<br />''plyt{{'}}'' || поплы́ть<br />''poplýt{{'}}'' || to swim, to sail
|-
| по́лзать<br />''pólzat{{'}}'' || ползти́<br />''polztí'' || поползти́<br />''popolztí'' || to crawl
|-
| вози́ть<br />''vozít{{'}}'' || везти́<br />''veztí'' || повезти́<br />''poveztí'' || to carry (by vehicle)
|-
| носи́ть<br />''nosít{{'}}'' || нести́<br />''nestí'' || понести́<br />''ponestí'' || to carry, to wear
|-
| води́ть<br />''vodít{{'}}'' || вести́<br />''vestí'' || повести́<br />''povestí'' || to lead, to accompany, to drive (a car)
|-
| таска́ть<br />''taskát{{'}}'' || тащи́ть<br />''tashchít{{'}}'' || потащи́ть<br />''potashchít{{'}}'' || to drag, to pull
|-
| ката́ть<br />''katát{{'}}'' || кати́ть<br />''katít{{'}}'' || покати́ть<br />''pokatít{{'}}'' || to roll
|}

===Romance languages===
Modern Romance languages merge the concepts of aspect and tense but consistently distinguish perfective and imperfective aspects in the past tense. This derives directly from the way the [[Latin language]] used to render both aspects and ''[[consecutio temporum]]''.

==== Italian ====
Italian language example using the verb ''mangiare'' ("to eat"):
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |'''Mood: ''indicativo'' (indicative)'''
|-
|'''Tense'''
|'''Italian'''
|'''English'''
|'''Explanation'''
|-
|''Presente''<br>(Present)
|io mangio 
|"I eat", "I'm eating"
|merges habitual and continuous aspects, among others
|-
|''Passato prossimo''<br>(Recent past)
|io ho mangiato
|"I ate", "I have eaten"
|merges perfective and perfect
|-
|''Imperfetto''<br>(Imperfect)
|io mangiavo
|"I was eating", "I usually ate"
|merges habitual and progressive aspects
|-
|''Trapassato prossimo''<br>(Recent pluperfect)
|io avevo mangiato
|"I had eaten"
|tense, not ordinarily marked for aspect
|-
|''Passato remoto''<br>(Far past)
|io mangiai
|"I ate"
|perfective aspect
|-
|''Trapassato remoto''<br>(Far pluperfect)
|io ebbi mangiato 
|"I had eaten"
|tense
|-
|''Futuro semplice''<br>(Simple future)
|io mangerò
|"I shall eat"
|tense
|-
|''Futuro anteriore''<br>(Future perfect)
|io avrò mangiato 
|"I shall have eaten"
|future tense and perfect tense/aspect
|}
The ''imperfetto''/''trapassato prossimo'' contrasts with the ''passato remoto''/''trapassato remoto'' in that ''imperfetto'' renders an imperfective (continuous) past while ''passato remoto'' expresses an aorist (punctual/historical) past.

Other aspects in Italian are rendered with other periphrases, like [[prospective aspect|prospective]] (''io sto per mangiare'' "I'm about to eat", ''io starò per mangiare'' "I shall be about to eat"), or [[Continuous aspect|continuous]]/[[Progressive aspect|progressive]] (''io sto mangiando'' "I'm eating", ''io starò mangiando'' "I shall be eating").

=== Hindi ===
{{main|Hindi verbs#Aspects}}
[[Hindi]] has three aspects, [[habitual aspect]], [[perfective aspect]] and the [[Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive aspect]]. Each of these three aspects are formed from their participles. The aspects of Hindi when conjugated into their personal forms can be put into five grammatical moods: [[Realis mood|indicative]], [[Irrealis mood|presumptive]], [[Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]], [[Counterfactual conditional|contrafactual]], and [[Imperative mood|imperative]]. In Hindi, the aspect marker is overtly separated from the tense/mood marker. [[Periphrasis|Periphrastic]] Hindi verb forms consist of two elements. The first of these two elements is the aspect marker. The second element (the copula) is the common tense/mood marker.<ref name=":13" />

There are a couple of verbs which can be used as the copula to the aspectual participles: होना (honā) [to be, happen], रहना (rêhnā) [to stay, remain], आना (ānā) [to come], and जाना (jānā) [to go]. Each of these copulas provide a unique nuance to the aspect. The default (unmarked) copula is होना (honā) [to be]. These copulas can themselves be conjugated into an aspectual participle and used with another copula, hence forming subaspects. (Seeː [[Hindi verbs]])<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1989|isbn=81-208-0475-9|location=New Delhi|pages=216–246}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable"
!''Simple''
''Aspect''
! colspan="3" |''Perfective''
''Aspect''
! colspan="4" |''Habitual''
''Aspect''
! colspan="2" |''Progressive''
''Aspect''
!''Translation''
|-
|''होना'' 
''honā''
|''हुआ होना''
''huā honā''
|''हुआ रहना''
''huā rêhnā''
|''हुआ जाना''
''huā jānā''
|''होता होना''
''hotā honā''
|''होता रहना''
''hotā rêhnā''
|''होता आना''
''hotā ānā''
|''होता जाना''
''hotā jānā''
|''हो रहा होना''
''ho rahā honā''
|''हो रहा रहना''
''ho rahā rêhnā''
|''to happen''
|-
|''करना''
''karnā''
|''किया होना''
''kiyā honā''
|''किया रहना''
''kiyā rêhnā''
|''किया जाना''
''kiyā jānā''
|''करता होना''
''kartā honā''
|''करता रहना''
''kartā rêhnā''
|''करता आना''
''kartā ānā''
|''करता जाना''
''kartā jānā''
|''कर रहा होना''
''kar rahā honā''
|''कर रहा रहना''
''kar rahā rêhnā''
|''to do''
|-
|''मरना''
''marnā''
|''मरा होना''
''marā honā''
|''मरा रहना''
''marā rêhnā''
|''मरा जाना''
''marā jānā''
|''मरता होना''
''martā honā''
|''मरता रहना''
''martā rêhnā''
|''मरता आना''
''martā ānā''
|''मरता जाना''
''martā jānā''
|''मर रहा होना''
''mar rahā honā''
|''मर रहा रहना''
''mar rahā rêhnā''
|''to die''
|}

===Finnic languages===
[[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Estonian language|Estonian]], among others, have a grammatical aspect contrast of [[telicity]] between telic and atelic. Telic sentences signal that the intended goal of an action is achieved. Atelic sentences do not signal whether any such goal has been achieved. The aspect is indicated by the [[List of grammatical cases|case]] of the object: [[accusative]] is telic and [[partitive]] is atelic. For example, the (implicit) purpose of shooting is to kill, such that:
* ''Ammuin karhun'' -- "I shot the bear (succeeded; it is done)" i.e., "I shot the bear dead".
* ''Ammuin karhua'' -- "I shot at the bear" i.e. the bear may have survived.
In rare cases corresponding telic and atelic forms can be unrelated by meaning.

Derivational suffixes exist for various aspects. Examples:
*''-ahta-'' ("once"), as in ''huudahtaa'' ("to yell once") (used for emotive verbs like "laugh", "smile", "growl", "bark"; is not used for verbs like "shoot", "say", "drink")
*''-ele-'' "repeatedly" as in ''ammuskella'' "to go shooting around"

There are derivational suffixes for verbs, which carry [[frequentative]], [[momentane]], [[causative]], and [[inchoative]] aspect meanings. Also, pairs of verbs differing only in [[transitivity (grammatical category)|transitivity]] exist.

===Austronesian languages===

==== Reo Rapa ====
{{main|Rapa language}}
The [[Rapa language]] (Reo Rapa) is a mixed language that grew out of [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] and Old Rapa among monolingual inhabitants of [[Rapa Iti]]. Old Rapa words are still used for grammar and sentence structure, but most common words were replaced by [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] words.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walworth|first=Mary|year=2017|title=Reo Rapa: A Polynesian Contact Language Contact|journal=Journal of Language|pages=119}}</ref> Rapa is similar to [[English language|English]] as they both have specific tense words such as ''did'' or ''do''.

*'''Past negative''': ''ki’ere'' /kiʔere/ <ref name=":0" />
{{interlinear|indent=2|
|'''ki’ere''' vau i haere i te fare
|NEG.PST 1.SG PFV go PREP ART house
|'I did not go to a house.'
}}

*'''Non-past negative''' (Regular negative) ''kāre'' /kaːre/ <ref name=":0" />
{{interlinear|indent=2|
|'''kāre''' tā-koe puta
|NEG.NPST ART-2SG book
|'You don't have your book.' (''Lit.'' 'Your book doesn't exist')
}}

====Hawaiian====
The [[Hawaiian language]] conveys aspect as follows:<ref>[[Östen Dahl]], ''Tense and Aspect Systems'', Blackwell, 1985: ch. 6.</ref><ref>Schütz, Albert J., ''All about Hawaiian'', Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1995: pp. 23–25.</ref><ref>Pukui, Mary Kawena, and Elbert, Samuel H., ''New Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary'', Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1992: pp. 228–231.</ref>

*The unmarked verb, frequently used, can indicate habitual aspect or perfective aspect in the past.
*''ke'' + verb + ''nei'' is frequently used and conveys the progressive aspect in the present.
*''e'' + verb + ''ana'' conveys the progressive aspect in any tense.
*''ua'' + verb conveys the perfective aspect but is frequently omitted.

====Wuvulu====
{{main|Wuvulu-Aua language}}
Wuvulu language is a minority language in Pacific. The Wuvulu verbal aspect is hard to organize because of its number of morpheme combinations and the interaction of semantics between morphemes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Hafford|first=James|year=2015|title=Verb Morphology|journal=Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary|pages=91}}</ref> Perfective, imperfective negation, simultaneous and habitual are four aspects markers in Wuvulu language.

* '''Perfective''': The perfective marker ''-li'' indicates the action is done before other action. 
{{interlinear|indent=2|
|maʔua ʔi{{=}}na-'''li'''-ware-fa-rawani ʔaʔa roʔou, Barafi
|but 3SG{{=}}REAL-PERF-talk-CAUS-good with them Barafi
|'But, Barafi had already clearly told them.'
}} <ref name=":1" />

* '''Imperfect negation''': The marker ''ta-'' indicates the action has not done and also doesn't show anything about the action will be done in the future. 
{{interlinear|indent=2|
|ʔi{{=}}ta-no-mai
|3SG{{=}}not.yet-move-{{gcl|DIR|directional}}
|'It has not yet come.'
}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hafford|first=James|year=2015|title=Verb Morphology|journal=Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary|pages=92}}</ref>

* '''Simultaneous''': The marker ''fi'' indicates the two actions are done at the same time or one action occurs while other action is in progress.
{{interlinear|indent=2|
|ʔi{{=}}na-panaro-puluʔi-na ruapalo ʔei pani Puleafo ma ʔi{{=}}fi-unu
|3SG{{=}}REAL-hold-together-TR two the.PL hand Puleafo and 3SG{{=}}{{gcl|SIM|simultaneous}}-drink 
|'He held together the two hands of Puleafo while drinking.' (Note: marker ''ta-'' is only for singular subject. When the subject is dual or plural, the marker ''ʔei'' and ''i-'' are used in same situation.) <ref name=":2" />
}}

* '''Habitual''': The marker fane- can indicate a habitual activity, which means "keep doing something" in English. Example: 
{{interlinear|indent=2|
|ʔi{{=}}na-fane-naranara fei nara Faninilo ba, ʔaleʔena ba ini liai mei ramaʔa mei
|3SG{{=}}REAL-HAB-think(REDUP) the thought Faninilo COMP like COMP who again the person the 
|'And the thought kept occurring to Faninilo, "who is this particular person?"' <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hafford|first=James|year=2015|title=Verb Morphology|journal=Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary|pages=93}}</ref>
}}

====Tokelauan====
{{main|Tokelauan language}}
There are three types of aspects one must consider when analyzing the Tokelauan language: inherent aspect, situation aspect, and viewpoint aspect.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Studies in Tokelauan syntax|last=Hooper|first=Robin|publisher=University Microfilms International|year=1994|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=137–143}}</ref>

The inherent aspect describes the purpose of a verb and what separates verbs from one another. According to Vendler, inherent aspect can be categorized into four different types: activities, achievements, accomplishments, and states. Simple activities include verbs such as pull, jump, and punch. Some achievements are continue and win. Drive-a-car is an accomplishment while hate is an example of a state. Another way to recognize a state inherent aspect is to note whether or not it changes. For example, if someone were to hate vegetables because they are allergic, this state of hate is unchanging and thus, a state inherent aspect. On the other hand, an achievement, unlike a state, only lasts for a short amount of time. Achievement is the highpoint of an action.<ref name=":0" />

Another type of aspect is situation aspect. Situation aspect is described to be what one is experiencing in his or her life through that circumstance. Therefore, it is his or her understanding of the situation. Situation aspect are abstract terms that are not physically tangible. They are also used based upon one's point of view. For example, a professor may say that a student who comes a minute before each class starts is a punctual student. Based upon the professor's judgment of what punctuality is, he or she may make that assumption of the situation with the student. Situation aspect is firstly divided into states and occurrences, then later subdivided under occurrences into processes and events, and lastly, under events, there are accomplishments and achievements.<ref name=":0" />

The third type of aspect is viewpoint aspect. Viewpoint aspect can be likened to situation aspect such that they both take into consideration one's inferences. However, viewpoint aspect diverges from situation aspect because it is where one decides to view or see such event. A perfect example is the glass metaphor: [[Is the glass half empty or half full?|Is the glass half full or is it half empty]]. The choice of being half full represents an optimistic viewpoint while the choice of being half empty represents a pessimistic viewpoint. Not only does viewpoint aspect separate into negative and positive, but rather different point of views. Having two people describe a painting can bring about two different viewpoints. One may describe a situation aspect as a perfect or imperfect. A perfect situation aspect entails an event with no reference to time, while an imperfect situation aspect makes a reference to time with the observation.<ref name=":0" />

==== Torau ====
Aspect in Torau is marked with post-verbal particles or clitics. While the system for marking the imperfective aspect is complex and highly developed, it is unclear if Torau marks the perfective and neutral viewpoints. The imperfective clitics index one of the core arguments, usually the nominative subject, and follow the rightmost element in a syntactic structure larger than the word. The two distinct forms for marking the imperfective aspect are ''(i)sa-'' and ''e-''. While more work needs to be done on this language, the preliminary hypothesis is that ''(i)sa-'' encodes the stative imperfective and ''e-'' encodes the active imperfective. Reduplication always cooccurs with ''e-'', but it usually does not with ''(i)sa-.'' This example below shows these two imperfective aspect markers giving different meanings to similar sentences.

{{interlinear
| indent = 2|Pita ma-to mate{{=}}'''sa-la'''.|Peter REAL.3SG.SUBJ-PST be.dead{{=}}IPFV-3SG|'Peter was dead.'
}}

{{interlinear
| indent = 2|Pita ma-to '''maa'''≈mate{{=}}'''e-la'''.|Peter REAL.3SG.SUBJ-PST {REDUP}≈be.dead{{=}}IPFV-3SG|'Peter was dying.'
}}

In Torau, the suffix -''to'', which must attach to a preverbal particle, may indicate similar meaning to the perfective aspect. In realis clauses, this suffix conveys an event that is entirely in the past and no longer occurring. When ''-to'' is used in irrealis clauses, the speaker conveys that the event will definitely occur (Palmer, 2007). Although this suffix is not explicitly stated as a perfective viewpoint marker, the meaning that it contributes is very similar to the perfective viewpoint.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Palmer|first=Bill|date=December 2007|title=Imperfective Aspect and the Interplay of Aspect, Tense, and Modality in Torau|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=46|issue=2|pages=499–519|doi=10.1353/ol.2008.0000|jstor=20172325|hdl=1959.13/803129|s2cid=145227019|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

====Malay/Indonesian====
{{main|Malay grammar}}
Like many [[Austronesian languages]], the verbs of the [[Malay language]] follow a system of affixes to express changes in meaning. To express the aspects, Malay uses a number of [[auxiliary verbs]]:

:*''sudah'': [[perfective aspect|perfective]], 'saya sudah makan' = 'I have [already] eaten'
:*''baru'': near perfective, 'saya baru makan' = 'I have just eaten'
:*''belum'': [[imperfective aspect|imperfective]], 'saya belum makan' = 'I have not eaten'
:*''sedang'': [[Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive]] not implicating an end
:*''masih'': progressive implicating an end
:*''pernah'': [[semelfactive]]

====Philippine languages====
{{main|Tagalog grammar#Verbs}}

Like many [[Austronesian languages]], the verbs of the [[Philippine languages]] follow a complex system of affixes to express subtle changes in meaning. However, the verbs in this family of languages are conjugated to express the aspects and not the tenses. Though many of the [[Philippine languages]] do not have a fully codified grammar, most of them follow the verb aspects that are demonstrated by [[Filipino language|Filipino]] or [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].

===Creole languages===
[[Creole language]]s<ref>Holm, John, ''An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles'', Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000: pp. 173–189.</ref> typically use the unmarked verb for timeless habitual aspect, or for stative aspect, or for perfective aspect in the past. Invariant pre-verbal markers are often used. Non-stative verbs typically can optionally be marked for the progressive, habitual, completive, or irrealis aspect. The progressive in English-based [[Atlantic Creole]]s often uses ''de'' (from English "be"). [[Jamaican Creole]] uses ''a'' (from English "are") or ''de'' for the present progressive and a combination of the past time marker (''did'', ''behn'', ''ehn'' or ''wehn'') and the progressive marker (''a'' or ''de'') for the past progressive (e.g. ''did a'' or ''wehn de''). [[Haitian Creole]] uses the progressive marker ''ap''. Some Atlantic Creoles use one marker for both the habitual and progressive aspects. In [[Tok Pisin]], the optional progressive marker follows the verb. Completive markers tend to come from superstrate words like "done" or "finish", and some creoles model the future/irrealis marker on the superstrate word for "go".

===American Sign Language===
[[American Sign Language]] (ASL) is similar to many other sign languages in that it has no grammatical tense but many verbal aspects produced by modifying the base verb sign.

An example is illustrated with the verb [[wikt:1@Chin-PalmBack 1@FromChin-PalmUp|TELL]]. The basic form of this sign is produced with the initial posture of the index finger on the chin, followed by a movement of the hand and finger tip toward the indirect object (the recipient of the telling). Inflected into the unrealized inceptive aspect ("to be just about to tell"), the sign begins with the hand moving from in front of the trunk in an arc to the initial posture of the base sign (i.e., index finger touching the chin) while inhaling through the mouth, dropping the jaw, and directing eye gaze toward the verb's object. The posture is then held rather than moved toward the indirect object. During the hold, the signer also stops the breath by closing the glottis. Other verbs (such as "look at", "wash the dishes", "yell", "flirt") are inflected into the unrealized inceptive aspect similarly: The hands used in the base sign move in an arc from in front of the trunk to the initial posture of the underlying verb sign while inhaling, dropping the jaw, and directing eye gaze toward the verb's object (if any), but subsequent movements and postures are dropped as the posture and breath are held.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Other aspects in ASL include the following: stative, inchoative ("to begin to..."), predispositional ("to tend to..."), susceptative ("to... easily"), frequentative ("to... often"), protractive ("to... continuously"), incessant ("to... incessantly"), durative ("to... for a long time"), iterative ("to... over and over again"), intensive ("to... very much"), resultative ("to... completely"), approximative ("to... somewhat"), semblitive ("to appear to..."), increasing ("to... more and more"). Some aspects combine with others to create yet finer distinctions.

Aspect is unusual in ASL in that transitive verbs derived for aspect lose their grammatical transitivity. They remain semantically transitive, typically assuming an object made prominent using a topic marker or mentioned in a previous sentence. See [[American Sign Language grammar#DP syntax|Syntax in ASL]] for details.