Editing Grasshopper (section)

===Stridulation===
{{Listen|filename=Grasshoppers.ogg|title=Grasshopper stridulation|description=Several unidentified grasshoppers stridulating}}
Male grasshoppers spend much of the day [[stridulation|stridulating]], singing more actively under optimal conditions and being more subdued when conditions are adverse; females also stridulate, but their efforts are insignificant when compared to the males. Late-stage male nymphs can sometimes be seen making stridulatory movements, although they lack the equipment to make sounds, demonstrating the importance of this behavioural trait. The songs are a means of communication; the male stridulation seems to express reproductive maturity, the desire for social cohesion and individual well-being. Social cohesion becomes necessary among grasshoppers because of their ability to jump or fly large distances, and the song can serve to limit dispersal and guide others to favourable habitat. The generalised song can vary in phraseology and intensity, and is modified in the presence of a rival male, and changes again to a courtship song when a female is nearby.<ref name=AES>{{cite journal |author=Brangham, A.N. |year=1960 |title=Communication among social insects |journal=Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society |volume=19 |pages=66–68 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofamateu1920amat#page/n113/mode/2up }}</ref> In male grasshoppers of the family Pneumoridae, the enlarged abdomen amplifies stridulation.<ref name="Donelson"/>