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History of cryptography
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===Role of women=== The UK and US employed large numbers of women in their code-breaking operation, with close to 7,000 reporting to Bletchley Park<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/women-were-key-code-breaking-bletchley-park-180954044/|title=Women Were Key to WWII Code-Breaking at Bletchley Park|first=Marissa|last=Fessenden|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|date=27 January 2015|access-date=10 May 2019|quote=At its height there were more than 10,000 people working at Bletchley Park, of whom more than two-thirds were women.}}</ref> and 11,000 to the separate US Army and Navy operations, around Washington, DC.<ref name=mundy>{{cite book|last=Mundy|first=Liza|title=Code Girls: The Untold Story of the American Women Code Breakers of World War II|publisher=Hachette Books|location=New York, Boston|date=2017|isbn=978-0-316-35253-6}}</ref> By tradition in Japan and [[Kinder, Küche, Kirche|Nazi doctrine]] in Germany, women were excluded from war work, at least until late in the war. Even after encryption systems were broken, large amounts of work were needed to respond to changes made, recover daily key settings for multiple networks, and intercept, process, translate, prioritize and analyze the huge volume of enemy messages generated in a global conflict. A few women, including [[Elizabeth Friedman]] and [[Agnes Meyer Driscoll]], had been major contributors to US code-breaking in the 1930s and the Navy and Army began actively recruiting top graduates of women's colleges shortly before the attack on Pearl Harbor. Liza Mundy argues that this disparity in utilizing the talents of women between the Allies and Axis made a strategic difference in the war.<ref name=mundy />{{rp|p.29}}
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