Editing Human rights (section)

== Promotion strategies ==
=== Paradigms of implementation ===
[[Charles Beitz]] proposes a typology of six paradigms of action that agents, such as human rights agencies, international organizations, individual states, and [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], could use to enforce human rights: (1) accountability, (2) inducement, (3) assistance, (4) domestic contestation and engagement, (5) compulsion, and (6) external adaptation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beitz |first=Charles |title=The Idea of Human Rights |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=New York |pages=33}}</ref>

Accountability refers to the process of examining and evaluating reports to ensure that states adhering to treaties are meeting their obligations. Inducement consists of the use of incentive systems, including the threat of sanctions, to deter violations and promote adherence to human rights standards. Assistance means providing support to societies that lack the resources or capabilities to meet human rights commitments. Domestic contestation and engagement refers to the notion that external actors can impact a state's behavior by participating in its internal political and social processes. Compulsion is the most extreme method of enforcing human rights through external action involves the use of coercive measures. External adaptation as a paradigm of implementation recognizes that human rights compliance may require not only domestic efforts but also reforming external factors like trade policies or international laws that hinder a government's ability to uphold rights.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beitz |first=Charles |title=The Idea of Human Rights |publisher=Oxford |year=2009 |location=New York |pages=34–42}}</ref>

=== Military force ===
{{See also|R2p|Peacekeeping}}
[[Responsibility to protect]] refers to a doctrine for [[United Nations]] member states to intervene to protect populations from atrocities. It has been cited as justification in the use of recent military interventions. An example of an intervention that is often criticized is the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|2011 military intervention]] in the [[First Libyan Civil War]] by [[NATO]] and [[Qatar]] where the goal of preventing atrocities is alleged to have taken upon itself the broader mandate of [[Regime change|removing]] the target government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Akbarzadeh|first1= Shahram|last2= Saba|first2= Arif |date=2020|title= UN paralysis over Syria: the responsibility to protect or regime change?|journal=International Politics|volume=56|issue=4|pages=536–550|doi=10.1057/s41311-018-0149-x|s2cid= 150004890|issn = 1384-5748}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Emerson|first1=Michael|date=1 December 2011|title=The responsibility to protect and regime change|publisher=Centre for European Policy Studies|url=https://aei.pitt.edu/33004/1/Dec_ME_on_R2P.pdf|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=6 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606232728/https://aei.pitt.edu/33004/1/Dec_ME_on_R2P.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Economic actions ===
{{See also|Economic sanctions}}
[[Economic sanctions]] are often levied upon individuals or states who commit human rights violations. Sanctions are often criticized for its feature of collective punishment in hurting a country's population economically in order dampen that population's view of its government.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Habibzadeh|first1=Farrokh|title= Economic sanction: a weapon of mass destruction|journal=[[The Lancet]]|year=2018 |language=en|volume=392|issue=10150|pages=816–817|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31944-5 |pmid=30139528 |s2cid=52074513 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mueller|first1=John|last2=Mueller|first2=Karl|title= Sanctions of mass destruction|journal=Foreign Affairs|year=1999 |language=en|volume=78|issue=3|pages=43–53|doi=10.2307/20049279 |jstor=20049279 }}</ref> It is also argued that, counterproductively, sanctions on offending authoritarian governments strengthen that government's position domestically as governments would still have more mechanisms to find funding than their critics and opposition, who become further weakened.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/03/sanctions-against-sudan-didnt-harm-an-oppressive-government-they-helped-it/ |url-access=subscription |website=Foreign Policy |author=Nesrine Malik|date=3 July 2018|access-date=5 May 2022|title=Sanctions Against Sudan Didn't Harm an Oppressive Government — They Helped It|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505001527/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/03/sanctions-against-sudan-didnt-harm-an-oppressive-government-they-helped-it/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sejersen |first=Mikkel |date=2021-01-08 |title=Winning Hearts and Minds with Economic Sanctions? Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Venezuela |url=https://academic.oup.com/fpa/article-abstract/17/1/oraa008/5823729?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Foreign Policy Analysis |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.1093/fpa/oraa008 |issn=1743-8586}}</ref>

The risk of human rights violations increases with the increase in financially vulnerable populations. Girls from poor families in non-industrialized economies are often viewed as a financial burden on the family and marriage of young girls is often driven in the hope that daughters will be fed and protected by wealthier families.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/apr/30/ethiopian-drought-leading-to-dramatic-increase-in-child-marriage-unicef-warns |first1=Lizzy |last1=Davies |title=Ethiopian drought leading to dramatic increase in child marriage Unicef warns|date=30 April 2022|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512001619/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/apr/30/ethiopian-drought-leading-to-dramatic-increase-in-child-marriage-unicef-warns|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Female genital mutilation]] and [[Leblouh|force-feeding]] of daughters is argued to be similarly driven in large part to increase their marriage prospects and thus their financial security by achieving certain idealized standards of beauty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ICRW-WGF-Leveraging-Education-to-End-FGMC-Worldwide-November-2016-FINAL.pdf|title=Leveraging education to end female gential mutilation/cutting worldwide|publisher=International Center for Research on Women|page=3|access-date=11 May 2022|quote=For women and girls living in areas where FGM/C is prevalent, they are often dependent upon marriage for financial stability. As a result, FGM/C is seen as a way to guarantee a woman's status, making her able to have children in a socially acceptable way and providing her with economic security, typically provided by the husband. Parents who choose to have their daughters cut consider their decision to be necessary, if not beneficial, for their daughter's future marriage prospects, in light of the financial and social constraints they may face. |archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006161225/http://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ICRW-WGF-Leveraging-Education-to-End-FGMC-Worldwide-November-2016-FINAL.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In certain areas, girls requiring the experience of [[Sexual rites of passage#Sexual cleansing after menarche|sexual initiation rites]] with men and passing [[Sexual rites of passage#Sex training tests|sex training test]]s on girls are designed to make them more appealing as marriage prospects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/01/confronting-a-sexual-rite-of-passage-in-malawi/283196/ |url-access=subscription |first1=Beenish |last1=Ahmed |title=Confronting a sexual rite of passage in Malawi|date=20 January 2014|work=The Atlantic|access-date=11 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202205557/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/01/confronting-a-sexual-rite-of-passage-in-malawi/283196/|url-status=live}}</ref> Measures to help the economic status of vulnerable groups in order to reduce human rights violations include [[girls' education]] and [[guaranteed minimum income]]s and [[conditional cash transfer]]s, such as [[Bolsa familia]] which subsidize parents who keep children in school rather than contributing to family income, has successfully reduced [[child labor]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/09/18/how-to-stop-children-working |url-access=subscription |title=How to stop children working – Focus on reducing poverty and helping parents instead of punishing them|date=18 September 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=11 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512001619/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/09/18/how-to-stop-children-working|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Informational strategies ===
{{See also|Human rights education|Activism}}
Human rights abuses are monitored by United Nations committees, national institutions and governments and by many independent [[non-governmental organizations]], such as [[Amnesty International]], [[Human Rights Watch]], [[World Organisation Against Torture]], [[Freedom House]], [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]] and [[Anti-Slavery International]]. These organisations collect evidence and documentation of human rights abuses and apply pressure to promote human rights. Educating people on the concept of human rights has been argued as a strategy to prevent human rights abuses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/holocaust-key-to-understanding-isis-1.5302945 |url-access=subscription |title=Holocaust Key to Understanding ISIS, Says UN Human Rights Chief|date=7 February 2015|work=Haaretz|access-date=8 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509000612/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/holocaust-key-to-understanding-isis-1.5302945|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Legal instruments ===
Many examples of legal instruments at the international, regional and national level described below are designed to enforce laws securing human rights.