Editing Human zoo (section)

=== St. Louis World's Fair ===
In 1904, over 1,100 Filipinos were displayed at the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|St. Louis World's Fair]] in association with the [[1904 Summer Olympics]]. Following the [[Spanish–American War|Spanish-American War]], the United States had just acquired new territories such as [[Guam]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Jim Zwick |date=4 March 1996 |title=Remembering St. Louis, 1904: A World on Display and Bontoc Eulogy |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/Bontoc.html |access-date=2007-05-25 |publisher=[[Syracuse University]] |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907073242/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/Bontoc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The organizers of the World's Fair held "[[Anthropology Days]]" on August 12 and 13. Since the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|1889 Paris Exposition]], human zoos, as a key feature of world's fairs, functioned as demonstrations of anthropological notions of race, progress, and civilization. These goals were followed also at the 1904 World's Fair. Fourteen hundred indigenous people from Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, East Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America and North America were displayed in anthropological exhibits that showed them in their natural habitats. Another 1600 indigenous people displayed their culture in other areas of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (LPE), including on the fairgrounds and at the Model School, where [[American Indian boarding schools|American Indian boarding school]] students demonstrated their successful [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|assimilation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-1904-olympic-marathon-may-have-been-the-strangest-ever-14910747/|title=The 1904 Olympic Marathon May Have Been the Strangest Ever|publisher=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]|author=Karen Abbott|date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> The sporting event itself took place with the participation of about 100 paid indigenous men (no women participated in Anthropology Days, though some, notably the [[Fort Shaw Indian School]] girls basketball team, did compete in other athletic events at the LPE). Contests included "baseball throwing, shot put, running, broad jumping, weight lifting, pole climbing, and tugs-of-war before a crowd of approximately ten thousand".<ref>Parezo, N. J. (2008). p. 59.</ref> According to theorist [[Susan Brownell]], world's fairs – with their inclusion of human zoos – and the Olympics were a logical fit at this time, as they "were both linked to an underlying cultural logic that gave them a natural affinity".<ref>Brownell, Susan, ed. (2008). p. 29.</ref> Also, one of the original intentions of Anthropology Days was to create publicity for the official Olympic events.<ref>Parezo, N. J. (2008). p. 84.</ref><ref>Brownell, Susan, ed. (2008). p. 34.</ref>

While Anthropology Days were not officially part of the Olympics program, they were closely associated with each other at the time, and in history—Brownell notes that even today historians still debate as to which of the LPE events were the "real" Olympic Games.<ref name="Brownell 2008, p. 3">Brownell 2008, p. 3.</ref> Additionally, almost all of the 400 athletic events were referred to as "Olympian,"<ref name="Brownell 2008, p. 3" /> and the opening ceremony was held in May<ref name="Brownell 2008, p. 43">Brownell 2008, p. 43.</ref> with dignitaries in attendance, though the official Olympic program did not begin until July 1.<ref name="Brownell 2008, p. 43" /> Also, as previously noted, one of the original intentions of Anthropology Days was to create publicity for the official Olympic events.<ref name="Parezo 2008, p. 84">Parezo 2008, p. 84.</ref><ref>Brownell 2008, p. 34.</ref>

The exhibitions of the World's Fair inspired US military officer [[Truman Hunt]] to start his own human zoo of "[[Headhunting|Head-Hunting]] [[Igorrote]]s" in [[Brooklyn]]. Reports of questionable living conditions for its Filipino performers led the [[US Federal government]] to investigate Hunt's exhibition, and eventually shut it down after Hunt was found guilty of [[wage theft]] from the performers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hemley |first=Robin |date=2014-11-14 |title=Claire Prentice's 'Lost Tribe of Coney Island' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/books/review/claire-prentices-lost-tribe-of-coney-island.html |access-date=2023-02-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>