Editing Hutterites (section)

=== United States ===
After sending scouts to North America in 1873 along with a [[Russian Mennonite#First wave of emigration|Mennonite delegation]], almost all Hutterites, totaling 1,265 individuals, migrated to the United States between 1874 and 1879 in response to the new Russian military service law. Of these, some 800 identified as {{Lang|de|Eigentümler}} (literally, "owners") and acquired individual farms according to the [[Homestead Acts#Southern Homestead Act of 1866|Homestead Act of 1862]], whereas some 400 identified as {{Lang|de|Gemeinschaftler}} (literally, "community people") and started three communities with community of goods.

Most Hutterites are descended from these latter 400. Named for the leader of each group (the Schmiedeleut, Dariusleut and Lehrerleut, {{Lang|de|leut}} being based on the German word for ''people''), they settled initially in the [[Dakota Territory]]. Here, each group reestablished the traditional Hutterite communal lifestyle.

Over the next decades, the Hutterites who settled on individual farms, the so-called [[Prairieleut|Prärieleut]], slowly assimilated first into Mennonite groups and later into the general American population. Until about 1910 there was intermarriage between the Prärieleut and the communally living Hutterites.<ref>Rod A. Janzen, ''The Prairie People: Forgotten Anabaptists''. [[Hanover, NH]], 1999.</ref>

Several state laws were enacted seeking to deny Hutterites religious legal status to their communal farms (colonies). Some colonies were disbanded before these decisions were overturned in the Supreme Court.<ref>[http://www.umanitoba.ca/Law/Courses/esau/litigation/huttlitigationweb.htm]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727194908/http://www.umanitoba.ca/Law/Courses/esau/litigation/huttlitigationweb.htm|date=July 27, 2009}}</ref> By this time, many Hutterites had already established new colonies in [[Alberta]] and [[Saskatchewan]].<ref>[http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/law/Courses/esau/litigation/huttlitigationweb.pdf]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325215325/http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/law/Courses/esau/litigation/huttlitigationweb.pdf|date=March 25, 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Michael Hofer - Martyr.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Michael Hofer – Martyr]]
During [[World War I]], the pacifist Hutterites suffered [[Religious persecution|persecution]] in the United States. In the most severe case, four Hutterite men, who were subjected to military draft but refused to comply, were imprisoned and physically abused. Ultimately, two of the four men, the brothers [[Joseph and Michael Hofer]], died at [[United States Disciplinary Barracks|Leavenworth Military Prison]] after the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice]] had been signed, bringing an end to the war. The Hutterite community said the men died from mistreatment; the U.S. government said the men died of [[pneumonia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=C. Henry|edition=Revised and expanded by Cornelius Krahn|title=Smith's Story of the Mennonites|year=1981|publisher=Faith and Life Press|location=Newton, Kansas|isbn=0-87303-069-9|page=545}}</ref><ref>Stoltzfus, Duane. ''Pacifists in Chains: The Persecution of Hutterites during the Great War''. Baltimore: [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2013.</ref>