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Inertial electrostatic confinement
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===2000s=== Despite demonstration in 2000 of 7200 hours of operation without degradation at high input power as a sealed reaction chamber with automated control the FusionStar project was canceled and the company NSD Ltd was founded. The spherical FusionStar technology was then further developed as a linear geometry system with improved efficiency and higher neutron output by NSD Ltd. which became [http://www.nsd-fusion.com NSD-Fusion] GmbH in 2005. In early 2000, Alex Klein developed a cross between a polywell and ion beams.<ref name=mix>"The Multipole Ion-beam eXperiment", Presentation, Alex Klien, 7–8 December 2011, 13th US-Japan IEC workshop, Sydney 2011</ref> Using [[Dennis Gabor|Gabor lensing]], Dr. Klein attempted to focus plasma into non-neutral clouds for fusion. He founded FP generation, which in April 2009 raised $3 million in financing from two venture funds.<ref>{{cite web |title=FP Generation fusion project was funded and built prototypes |website=NextBigFuture.com |date=2011-05-19 |url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2011/05/fp-generation-fusion-project-was-funded.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202171340/http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/05/fp-generation-fusion-project-was-funded.html |archive-date=2014-02-02}}</ref><ref name="AlexPoster"/> The company developed the MIX and Marble machine, but ran into technical challenges and closed. In response to Riders' criticisms, researchers at [[LANL]] reasoned that a plasma oscillating could be at local thermodynamic equilibrium; this prompted the POPS and Penning trap machines.<ref name=Barnes2002>{{cite journal |last1=Barnes |first1=D. C. |last2=Chacón |first2=L. |last3=Finn |first3=J. M. |title=Equilibrium and low-frequency stability of a uniform density, collisionless, spherical Vlasov system |journal=Physics of Plasmas |publisher=AIP Publishing |volume=9 |issue=11 |year=2002 |issn=1070-664X |pages=4448–4464 |bibcode=2002PhPl....9.4448B |doi=10.1063/1.1510667}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=T. B. |last2=Schauer |first2=M. M. |last3=Barnes |first3=D. C. |title=Observation of Spherical Focus in an Electron Penning Trap |journal=Physical Review Letters |publisher=American Physical Society (APS) |volume=78 |issue=1 |issn=0031-9007 |pages=58–61 |bibcode=1997PhRvL..78...58M |doi=10.1103/physrevlett.78.58 |date=1997-01-06}}</ref> At this time, [[MIT]] researchers became interested in fusors for space propulsion<ref>Ph.D. Thesis "Improving Particle Confinement in Inertial Electrostatic Fusion for Spacecraft Power and Propulsion", Carl Dietrich, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 2007</ref> and powering space vehicles.<ref>Ph.D. Thesis "Improved lifetimes and synchronization behavior in Mutlt-grid IEC fusion devices", Tom McGuire, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 2007</ref> Specifically, researchers developed [[fusor]]s with multiple inner cages. In 2005, Greg Piefer founded [[Phoenix Nuclear Labs]] to develop the fusor into a neutron source for the mass production of medical isotopes.<ref name=PNL>"Phoenix Nuclear Labs meets neutron production milestone", PNL press release May 1, 2013, Ross Radel, Evan Sengbusch</ref> [[Robert Bussard]] began speaking openly about the Polywell in 2006.<ref>SirPhilip (posting an e-mail from "RW Bussard") (2006-06-23). "Fusion, eh?". James Randi Educational Foundation forums. Retrieved 2006-12-03.</ref> He attempted to generate interest<ref name="Bussard6">"The Advent of Clean Nuclear Fusion: Super-performance Space Power and Propulsion", Robert W. Bussard, Ph.D., 57th International Astronautical Congress, October 2–6, 2006</ref> in the research, before passing away from multiple myeloma in 2007.<ref>M. Simon (2007-10-08). "Dr. Robert W. Bussard Has Passed". Classical Values. Retrieved 2007-10-09.</ref> His company was able to raise over ten million in funding from the US Navy in 2008<ref>"A—Polywell Fusion Device Research, Solicitation Number: N6893609T0011". Federal Business Opportunities. October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-07.</ref><ref>"A—Spatially Resolved Plasma Densities/Particle Energies, Solicitation Number: N6893609T0019". Federal Business Opportunities. October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-07.</ref> and 2009.<ref>"Statement of work for advanced gaseous electrostatic energy (AGEE) concept exploration" (PDF). United States Navy. June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-18.</ref>
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