Editing Interplanetary Internet (section)

==Implementation==
The InterPlanetary Internet Special Interest Group of the [[Internet Society]] has worked on defining protocols and standards that would make the IPN possible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipnsig.org/|title=InterPlanetary Networking Special Interest Group (IPNSIG)|access-date=January 13, 2005|archive-date=March 25, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030325210812/http://ipnsig.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Delay-Tolerant Networking Research Group (DTNRG) is the primary group researching [[Delay-tolerant networking]] (DTN). Additional research efforts focus on various uses of the new technology.<ref>{{cite journal| author= Burleigh, S.| author2= Cerf, V.| author3= Crowcroft, J.| author4= Tsaoussidis, V.| url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S157087051400122X| title= Space for Internet and Internet for Space| journal= Ad Hoc Networks| year= 2014| volume= 23| pages= 80–86| doi= 10.1016/j.adhoc.2014.06.005| access-date= May 8, 2019| archive-date= May 8, 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190508172625/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S157087051400122X| url-status= live| url-access= subscription}}</ref>

The canceled [[Mars Telecommunications Orbiter]] had been planned to establish an Interplanetary Internet link between Earth and Mars, in order to support other Mars missions. Rather than using RF, it would have used [[optical communications]] using [[laser]] beams for their higher data rates. "Lasercom sends information using beams of light and optical elements, such as telescopes and optical amplifiers, rather than RF signals, amplifiers,  and antennas"<ref>{{cite web| author=Townes, Stephen A.| title=The Mars Laser Communication Demonstration| url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/38024/1/04-0216.pdf| access-date=April 28, 2008| display-authors=etal| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227080653/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/38024/1/04-0216.pdf| archive-date=February 27, 2009}}</ref>

NASA [[JPL]] tested the DTN protocol with their Deep Impact Networking (DINET) experiment on board the ''[[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|Deep Impact]]''/[[EPOXI]] spacecraft in October, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/nov/HQ_08-298_Deep_space_internet.html|title=NASA Successfully Tests First Deep Space Internet|website=NASA Press Release 08-298|date=November 2008|access-date=October 12, 2010|archive-date=November 24, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124220808/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/nov/HQ_08-298_Deep_space_internet.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2009, DTN was deployed to a payload on board the [[ISS]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Haines|first=Lester|title=NASA fires up the 'interplanetary internet'|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/07/07/dtn_node/|publisher=The Register|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-date=October 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026194701/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/07/07/dtn_node/|url-status=live}}</ref>  NASA and BioServe Space Technologies, a research group at the University of Colorado, have been continuously testing DTN on two Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) payloads. CGBA-4 and CGBA-5 serve as computational and communications platforms which are remotely controlled from BioServe's Payload Operations Control Center (POCC) in Boulder, CO.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www-bioserve.colorado.edu/wp2/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/DTN-Initial-Flight-Tests-Results-v0.035.pdf|chapter=Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networking: Flight Test Results from the International Space Station|doi=10.1109/AERO.2010.5446948|title=2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference|year=2010|last1=Jenkins|first1=Andrew|last2=Kuzminsky|first2=Sebastian|last3=Gifford|first3=Kevin K.|last4=Pitts|first4=Robert L.|last5=Nichols|first5=Kelvin|pages=1–8|isbn=978-1-4244-3887-7|s2cid=14605993|access-date=October 12, 2010|archive-date=September 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902182525/http://www-bioserve.colorado.edu/wp2/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/DTN-Initial-Flight-Tests-Results-v0.035.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bioserve.colorado.edu/|title=The Automation Group at BioServe Space Technologies|website=University of Colorado, Boulder|access-date=October 12, 2010|archive-date=April 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418041739/http://bioserve.colorado.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2012 ISS Station commander [[Sunita Williams]] remotely operated Mocup (Meteron Operations and Communications Prototype), a "cat-sized" [[Lego Mindstorms]] robot fitted with a [[BeagleBoard]] computer and webcam,<ref>{{cite magazine
 | last = Mann
 | first = Adam
 | title = Almost Being There: Why the Future of Space Exploration Is Not What You Think
 | magazine = Wired
 | publisher = Condé Nast
 | date = November 12, 2012
 | url = https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/11/telerobotic-exploration/
 | access-date = 2012-11-13
 | archive-date = February 21, 2014
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140221105941/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/11/telerobotic-exploration/
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> located in the [[European Space Operations Centre]] in Germany in an experiment using DTN.<ref>{{cite web
 | last = Anna
 | first = Leach
 | title = 'Bundle' signals from SPACE seize control of small car in Germany: ISS 'naut takes the wheel of Lego motor in bundlenet test
 | work = The Register
 | publisher = Situation Publishing
 | date = 9 November 2012
 | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/09/interplanet_internet/
 | access-date = 2012-11-11
 | archive-date = August 10, 2017
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170810140726/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/09/interplanet_internet/
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> These initial experiments provide insight into future missions where DTN will enable the extension of networks into deep space to explore other planets and solar system points of interest. Seen as necessary for space exploration, DTN enables timeliness of data return from operating assets which results in reduced risk and cost, increased crew safety, and improved operational awareness and science return for NASA and additional space agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/DTN.html|title=NASA: Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) - Experiment/Payload Overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721095858/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/DTN.html|archive-date=2010-07-21|url-status=dead|date=September 24, 2010}}</ref>

DTN has several major arenas of application, in addition to the Interplanetary Internet, which include sensor networks, military and tactical communications, disaster recovery, hostile environments, mobile devices and remote outposts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtnrg.org/wiki|title=Home - Delay-Tolerant Networking Research Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613030041/http://www.dtnrg.org/wiki|archive-date=2006-06-13}}</ref> As an example of a remote outpost, imagine an isolated Arctic village, or a faraway island, with electricity, one or more computers, but no communication connectivity. With the addition of a simple wireless hotspot in the village, plus DTN-enabled devices on, say, dog sleds or fishing boats, a resident would be able to check their e-mail or click on a Wikipedia article, and have their requests forwarded to the nearest networked location on the sled's or boat's next visit, and get the replies on its return.