Editing Jacques Necker (section)

==Retirement==
[[File:CH-NB - Coppet, Château de Coppet, vue partielle - Collection Max van Berchem - EAD-8736.tif|thumb|Château de Coppet]]

Necker, suspected of reactionary tendencies, traveled east to [[Arcis-sur-Aube]] and [[Vesoul]], where he was arrested, but on 11 September he was allowed to leave the country.<ref name="Necker5">[https://books.google.com/books?id=4MYxAQAAMAAJ&dq=Jacques+Necker+Arcis-sur-Aube&pg=PA373 Historical Review of the Administration of Mr. Necker by Jacques Necker, p. 373]</ref> At [[Coppet Castle]], he occupied himself with [[political economy]], and law. At the end of 1792, he published a brochure on the trial against Louis XVI. The Neckers were far from welcome in Geneva. Many of the French émigrés considered them [[Jacobins]], and many of the Swiss Jacobins thought them conservative.<ref name="Encyclopedists">{{Cite web |url=https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/kafker/navigate/1/98/ |title=The Encyclopedists as individuals: a biographical dictionary of the authors of the Encyclopédie |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006213453/https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/kafker/navigate/1/98/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Initially living in [[Rolle]], the Neckers moved to an apartment in [[Beaulieu Castle]] following the installation of a revolutionary government in Geneva.<ref name="Gibbon">{{Cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Gibbon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJMUAAAAQAAJ |title=The Miscellanous Works of Edward Gibbon, Esq. With Memoirs of His Life and Writings |publisher=John Murray |year=1814 |editor-last=Sheffield |editor-first=John |volume=2 |location=London |pages=460, 483}}</ref> After being put on the list of [[Émigrés]], Necker was not paid any interest on the money he had left in the treasury.{{sfn|d'Haussonville|2004|pp=156–158}} His house in Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, his estate in [[Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Ouen sûr Seine]], and the two million livres were confiscated by the French government.{{sfn|d'Haussonville|2004|pp=162–163}} Mme Necker, who had always seen herself as ill, sank into mental illness. Since the birth of Germaine, she was correcting the most morbid clauses of her will and insisted to be embalmed by [[Samuel-Auguste Tissot]], preserved and exhibited in a bedroom for four months.<ref name="Baecque">{{Cite book |last=Baecque |first=Antoine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myMn0SrSkioC |title=Glory and Terror: Seven Deaths Under the French Revolution |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136692086 |location=London |pages=194}}</ref> He continued to live under the care of his daughter. By 1794, France would be flooded by false assignats. But his time was past, and his books had except abroad no political influence.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} In 1795 Germaine moved to Paris with [[Benjamin Constant]], but she came back, sometimes involuntary, and founded the [[Coppet group|Cercle de Coppet]].

In March 1798, [[Bern]] was attacked during the [[French invasion of Switzerland]]. Necker was treated with respect when the army passed his mansion. In July 1798, he was removed from the list of Émigrés.{{sfn|d'Haussonville|2004|p=169}}{{sfn|de Staël|1818|pp=418–420}} His house in the [[9th arrondissement of Paris]] was sold to (or occupied by?) the husband of [[Juliette Récamier]]. In early June 1800, Necker met with Napoleon on his way to [[Battle of Marengo|Marengo]]. In confidence, Napoleon told him about his plans to reestablish a monarchy in France. The publication of Necker's "Last Views on Politics and Finance" in 1802 upset the [[first consul]]. <!--According to Necker, there is no representative government without direct elections by the people, and that nothing can justify a deviation from this principle.--> He threatened to exile Madame de Staël from Paris because of this book.{{sfn|d'Haussonville|2004|p=169}}{{sfn|de Staël|1818|pp=35–36, 42, 459}} Although Necker had never been a republican before, toward the end of his life, he engaged seriously with the project of creating and consolidating a republic "one and indivisible" in France.{{sfn|Craiutu|2012|p=145}} Necker then foretold the suppression of the [[Tribunat]] as it took place under the [[French Consulate]]. His claim of two million on the state treasury was not recognized by the [[Sénat conservateur]].{{sfn|d'Haussonville|2004|p=177}}

Necker died in 1804. He was buried next to his wife in the garden of Coppet Castle. The mausoleum was sealed in 1817 following Germaine's death. The [[Charter of 1814]] signed by [[Louis XVIII]] at [[Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Ouen sûr Seine]] contained almost all the articles in support of liberty proposed by Necker before the Revolution of 14 July 1789.{{sfn|d'Haussonville|2004|p=169}}{{sfn|de Staël|1818|p=148}} Therefore, [[George Armstrong Kelly]] called him the "grandfather of Restoration Liberalism."<ref name="Kelly">{{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=George A. |title=Liberalism and Aristocracy in the French Restoration |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |date=1965 |volume=26 |issue=4 |page=510 |doi=10.2307/2708497 |jstor=2708497}}</ref>

"Posterity has not been fair to Necker," according to Aurelian Craiutu.<ref name="Craiutu1" /> On 11 August 1792, the day after the [[Storming of the Tuileries]], all the busts were removed from the town hall, including the one of Necker by [[Jean-Antoine Houdon]] and smashed.<ref name="Poulet">{{Cite book |last=Poulet |first=Anne L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EV0BgrzV-fkC |title=Jean-Antoine Houdon: Sculptor of the Enlightenment |date=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226676470 |location=Chicago |pages=351}}</ref> Like Mirabeau, the [[Marquis De Lafayette]], [[Antoine Barnave|Barnave]] and [[Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve|Pétion]], Necker was only temporarily supported by the people.<ref name="Israel">{{Cite book |last=Israel |first=Jonathan |title=Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierre |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780691151724}}</ref>{{pn|date=April 2024}}<ref name="Positive">{{Cite book |last=Necker |first=Jacques |url=https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/FrnchRev/id/147 |title=Principes positifs de M. Neker, extraits de tous ses ouvrages |year=1815 |language=French |trans-title=Positive principles of Mr. Neker, extracted from all his works |via=Ball State University Digital Media Repository}}</ref>{{pn|date=April 2024}}