Editing James Cook (section)

==Second voyage (1772–1775)==
[[File:James Cook's portrait by William Hodges.jpg|thumb
|Portrait of James Cook c. 1775. By [[William Hodges]], who accompanied Cook on the second voyage.]]
{{Main|Second voyage of James Cook}}
In 1772, Cook was commissioned to lead another scientific expedition on behalf of the Royal Society, with the goal of determining whether or not the hypothetical landmass ''Terra Australis'' existed.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=179-180}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=256}}

This voyage would have two ships and, unlike the first voyage, Cook selected them himself: {{HMS|Resolution|1771|6}} commanded by Cook, and {{HMS|Adventure|1771|6}}, commanded by [[Tobias Furneaux]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=181}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=256}} ''Resolution'' began her career as the [[North Sea]] [[Collier (ship type)|collier]] ''Marquis of Granby'', launched at [[Whitby]] in 1770. She was fitted out at [[Deptford]] with the most advanced navigational aids of the day, including an [[azimuth compass]], ice anchors, and an apparatus for distilling fresh water from sea water.<ref>{{cite web|title=Log book of HMS 'Resolution'|url=http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RGO-00014-00058/15|publisher=Cambridge Digital Library|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> 

Crew included astronomer [[William Wales (astronomer)|William Wales]] (responsible for the new [[Larcum Kendall#K1|K1 chronometer]] carried on the ''Resolution''), lieutenant [[Charles Clerke]], artist [[William Hodges]], and naturalists [[Johann Reinhold Forster]] and his son, [[Georg Forster]].{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=264-266}} 

===Searching for ''Terra Australis''===
After departing England, the ships travelled to South Africa and stopped at [[Cape Town]] in November 1772.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=197-204}} From there they sailed eastward, planning to circumnavigate the globe roughly between 50°S and 70°S latitude.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=197-204}}{{efn|
South of 40°S latitude, the strong prevailing westerly winds of the [[Roaring forties]] gave a much faster eastward journey. Sailing this far south was established as a route to the East Indies by the Dutch seafarer [[Brouwer Route|Hendrick Brouwer]] early in the 17th century. Unlike Cook, Dutch ships had to make a well-timed northward turn to reach the bases of the [[Dutch East India Company]]. Those ships that turned late on this route were among the early wrecks of European ships on the western coast of Australia, with rescue parties and survivors contributing to the initial knowledge of this part of the world.<ref>{{cite book
  | title=Dutch East India Company Shipbuilding: The Archaeological Study of Batavia and Other Seventeenth-Century VOC Ships
  |  author=van Duivenvoorde
  |first= Wendy
  |  isbn=9781623491796
  |  url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhFDDQAAQBAJ
 |access-date=26 May 2025
  |  year=2015
  |   publisher=Texas A&M University Press
 |page=2
}}</ref>
}} In late November 1772, the ships sighted the first icebergs and Cook performed an experiment: his crew chopped blocks of ice from ice flows and melted them onboard the ships, producing good quality fresh water, proving that drinking water could be obtained from sea ice.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=202-204}} On 17 January 1773 the crews became the first recorded Europeans to cross the [[Antarctic Circle]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=204}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Exploring Antarctica - a timeline
|publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich
|url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/maritime-history/history-antarctic-explorers
|access-date=23 May 2025
}}</ref> Despite his mission to find ''Terra Australis'', Cook never sighted Antarctica in any of his voyages; but on 18 January{{snd}}unbeknownst to him{{snd}}the ships approached within {{convert|75|mi|km}} of Antarctica.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=204}}
[[File:The Resolution and Adventure taking in ice for water 4 January 1773.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3
|alt=Two large wooden ships at rest in the ocean, next to icebergs
|The ''Resolution'' and ''Adventure'' retrieving ice to melt for drinking water. By expedition artist [[William Hodges]], 1773.]]
In February 1773, in the Antarctic fog, ''Resolution'' and ''Adventure'' became separated.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=205}} Furneaux made his way, via [[Tasmania]],{{efn|At the time, Tasmania was named [[Van Diemen's Land]].}} to a pre-arranged rendezvous location to be used in the event of separation: [[Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui|Queen Charlotte Sound]] in New Zealand. Cook arrived in May, after Furneaux.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=205,213-214}} The crews traded with the Māori people, and in his journal, Cook lamented the fact that Europeans were possibly transmitting diseases to the indigenous people and encouraging prostitution.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=218}} 

In June, the ships departed New Zealand, and headed south{{snd}} in the middle of the southern winter{{snd}}to resume their eastward search for ''Terra Australis'' at about 60°S.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=219}} The next month, 20 crewmen of the ''Adventure'' contracted [[scurvy]] because Furneaux had failed to follow Cook's dietary instructions.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=219-220}} 

The ships then turned north to visit Tahiti, [[Tonga]], and New Zealand.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=220-228}} On their way to New Zealand, the ships became separated in a storm.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=230-233}} Cook proceeded to the rendezvous point, and waited three weeks, then departed to continue the voyage alone. Furneaux arrived, missing Cook by four days.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=230-233}} While resupplying their ship in Queen Charlotte Sound, eleven members of the crew of ''Adventure'' fought with some Maori, resulting in the deaths of all eleven crew and two Maori. Furneaux later discovered the bodies of the crew members, partially burned in preparation for cannibalism.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=230-233}} When learning about the deaths much later, Cook wondered if Furneaux's crew was at fault, writing "I must ... observe in favor of the New Zealanders that I have always found them of a brave, noble, open and benevolent disposition".{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=255}} The ''Adventure'' departed New Zealand and quickly returned to Britain.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=258}}{{efn|Furneaux reached England on 14 July 1774. The ''Adventure'' was the first ship to circumnavigate the globe west-to-east; and Furneaux became the first person to circumnavigate the globe in both directions.<ref>{{cite book
|last=David
|first= Andrew C. F. 
|chapter=Furneaux, Tobias (1735–1781)
|title= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|date= 3 January 2008
}}</ref>}}
[[File:Cook-1777.PNG|thumb|upright=1.35|A [[South-up map orientation|south-up map]] of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands#South Georgia|South Georgia]] prepared in 1777 by Cook. Track of the ''Resolution'' is drawn as straight line segments around the islands.]]
The ''Resolution'' continued her search for ''Terra Australis'' alone, reaching her most southern latitude of 71°10′S in January 1774.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=236}} When his ship reached that southernmost point, and progress was blocked by impenetrable [[Drift ice|pack ice]], Cook wrote in his private diary: "I whose ambition leads me not only farther than any other man has been before me, but as far as I think it possible for man to go...".<ref name="G_Williams" /><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://diariesofnote.com/2023/01/30/farther-than-any-other-man-has-been-before-me/
|access-date=22 May 2025
|publisher=Diaries of Note
|title=James Cook: Farther Than Any Other Man Has Been Before Me
}} Diary entry 30 January 1774.</ref>

The ''Resolution'' made a large anti-clockwise circle in the south Pacific, visiting Easter Island, [[Tofua]], [[Melanesia]], and New Zealand.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=238-245}}{{efn|When Cook returned to Queen Charlotte Sound, the Māori were apprehensive because they believed that Cook would take revenge for the deaths of eleven men from the ''Adventure''. But Cook was unaware of the conflict.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=243-244}}}} They then proceeded home, sailing south of [[Tierra del Fuego]], and stopping at [[South Georgia Island]], where Cook claimed it in the name of his king.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=251}} The ship then travelled to South Africa, then north back to Britain.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=251-263}}{{efn|The duration of the second voyage was 1,112 days, from 13 July 1772 to 30 July 1775.}}{{efn|The primary purpose of the second voyage was to determine if the hypothesized ''Terra Australis'' existed. After the trip, the general conclusion was that it did not exist, because it was imagined to extend into the temperate latitudes, and Cook demonstrated that no polar landmass reached beyond about 50°.{{sfn|Blainey|2020|pp=39-42}}{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=263}}
}}

===Return to England===

Cook was promoted to the rank of [[post-captain]] and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, with a posting as an officer of the [[Greenwich Hospital, London|Greenwich Hospital]].{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=324-325}} He reluctantly accepted, insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if an opportunity for active duty should arise.<ref name="Beaglehole">{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1974|p=444.}}</ref> His fame extended beyond the Admiralty: he was made a [[Royal Society|Fellow of the Royal Society]] and awarded the [[Copley Medal|Copley Gold Medal]] for completing his second voyage without losing a man to [[scurvy]].<ref name="Rigby79">{{harvnb|Rigby|van der Merwe|2002|p=79.}}</ref> [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]] painted his portrait; he dined with [[James Boswell]]; and he was described in the [[House of Lords]] as "the first navigator in Europe".<ref name="G_Williams" />