Editing Jicarilla Apache (section)

====Battle and aftermath====
[[File:Cieneguilla 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cenotaph]] marking where the body of a killed dragoon was found]]
In March 1854, [[Lobo Blanco]], a Jicarilla chief, led a band of 30 warriors to raid the horse herd of a contractor for Fort Union. A detachment of 2nd U.S. Dragoons, led by Lieutenant David Bell, pursued the raiders. They engaged in a fight on the Canadian River and killed many of the Jicarilla, including the chief, who was repeatedly wounded and finally crushed to death under a boulder.<ref>Haley, James L. "the Apaches:  A History and Culture Portrait ", University of Oklahoma Press Norman 1981, {{ISBN|0806129786}}</ref>

In late March, Major George A. Blake, commanding officer at Burgwin Cantonment, sent a detachment of 1st U.S. Dragoon of 60 men (company I and part of company F) to patrol along the Santa Fe trail. On March 30, 1854, a combined force of about 250 Apaches and [[Ute Tribe|Utes]] fought the U.S. [[dragoon]]s, led by Lieutenant [[John Davidson (general)|John Wynn Davidson]], near [[Pilar, New Mexico]], then known as Cieneguilla.<ref>Davidson, 72.</ref> The battle lasted for two<ref name=Gorenfeld>Gorenfeld, Will.</ref> or four hours, according to surviving soldier James A. Bennett (aka James Bronson). The Jicarilla, led by their principal chief, [[Francisco Chacon (Jicarilla chief)|Francisco Chacon]], and [[Flechas Rayadas]], fought with [[Flintlock|flintlock rifles]] and [[arrow]]s, killing 22 and a wounding another 36 of 60 dragoon soldiers, who then retreated to [[Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico|Ranchos de Taos]] lighter by 22 horses and most of the troops' supplies.<ref name=NPS/><ref>Brooks, Reeve, Bennett.</ref><ref name="Haley, James L">Haley, James L.</ref>

Lieutenant Colonel [[Philip St. George Cooke]] of the [[2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment|2nd Dragoons Regiment]] quickly organized an expedition to pursue the Jicarilla with the help of 32 Pueblo Indian and Mexican scouts under Captain James H. Quinn, with [[Kit Carson]] as the principal guide. After a winter pursuit through the mountains, Cooke caught up with the Jicarilla. Jicarilla leader, Flechas Rayadas, offered an agreement for peace in exchange for the horses and guns that the Jicarilla acquired from the Battle, but the offer was not accepted. On April 8, Cooke's forces fought tribal members at their camp in the canyon of [[Ojo Caliente (Socorro County, New Mexico)|Ojo Caliente]]. The Jicarilla dispersed in small groups to evade further pursuit, but many died from the harsh cold weather.<ref name=NPS/><ref>Carter, 134-139.</ref><ref name="Haley, James L"/>

A large unit under Major James H. Carleton fought again the Jicarillas near Fisher's Peak in the Raton Mountains, killing several of them. Francisco Chacon replied by trying an ambush against the soldiers with 150 warriors, but his group was bypassed. Subsequently, five warriors were killed, six wounded, and seventeen women and children were scattered and may have died of cold and hunger during the flight.<ref name="Haley, James L"/> In May, Francisco Chacon sent word to Santa Fe for peace and surrendered at Abiquiu.<ref name="Haley, James L"/>