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Laser engraving
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===Stone and glass=== [[File:Laser engraved glass microscope slide magnified.jpg|thumb|alt=Laser engraved glass microscope slide at 40x and 100x magnification.|Laser engraved glass microscope slide with the word "glass" engraved in 3pt font. Magnified to 40x and 100x]] [[File:Wine glass fill line.jpg|thumb|right|A wine glass with a laser-engraved [[fill line]].]] [[Rock (geology)|Stone]] and [[glass]] do not vaporise or melt easily. As a result, this makes them generally a better candidate for other means of engraving, most notably [[sandblasting]] or cutting using [[diamond tool|diamond]]s and [[water jet cutter|water]]. However, when a laser hits glass or stone, it fractures. [[Porosity|Pore]]s in the surface expose natural [[grain]]s and crystalline "stubs" which, when heated very quickly, can separate a microscopic sized "chip" from the surface because the hot piece is expanding relative to its surroundings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-29 |title=Glass Laser Engraving & Etching β All You Need to Know |url=https://all3dp.com/2/glass-laser-engraving-etching-all-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=All3DP |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Andreeta | first1 = M. R. B. | last2 = Cunha | first2 = L. S. | last3 = Vales | first3 = L. F. | last4 = Caraschi | first4 = L. C. | last5 = Jasinevicius | first5 = R. G. | year = 2011 | title = Bidimensional codes recorded on an oxide glass surface using a continuous wave CO<sub>2</sub> laser | journal = Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 025004 | doi = 10.1088/0960-1317/21/2/025004|bibcode = 2011JMiMi..21b5004A | s2cid = 137296053 }}</ref> One should avoid large "fill" areas in glass engraving because the results across an expanse tend to be uneven; the glass ablation simply cannot be depended on for visual consistency, which may be a disadvantage or an advantage depending on the circumstances and the desired effect. {{As of|2021}}, recent advances in UV laser technology now supply 10W (or greater) of UV lasing energy and produce significantly better engraving results on glass than prior, lower powered iterations of UV laser marking systems (i.e. 3W) or classic {{CO2}} laser marking systems. The newer UV systems engrave cleanly and clearly without a high degree of micro-fracturing on the mark surface. Since modern 10W UV laser systems heat the surrounding substrate less than other laser marking systems, glass substrates are significantly less prone to fracturing from the laser marking process. High quality fill engravings on thin glass and crystal substrates are now regularly reproducible<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-22 |title=Laser Marking on Glass: How to Achieve High Quality |url=https://www.findlight.net/blog/2015/09/22/laser-marking-on-glass/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=FindLight Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> at high-volume in full production environments.
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