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Light-emitting diode
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=== Other white LEDs === Experimental white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been developed using homoepitaxially grown zinc selenide (ZnSe) on ZnSe substrates. This approach eliminates the need for phosphors, distinguishing it from conventional white LEDs that typically combine blue or ultraviolet LEDs with phosphors to produce white light.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint venture to make ZnSe white LEDs |url=https://optics.org/article/16534 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=optics.org}}</ref> In these ZnSe-based LEDs, the active region emits blue light, while the conductive ZnSe substrate emits yellow light. The combination of these emissions results in white light output. This method offers advantages such as lower operating voltage (approximately 2.7 V), reduced packaging complexity, and the potential for a broader range of color temperatures (3500β8500 K) compared to GaN-based devices.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Katayama |first=K. |last2=Matsubara |first2=H. |last3=Nakanishi |first3=F. |last4=Nakamura |first4=T. |last5=Doi |first5=H. |last6=Saegusa |first6=A. |last7=Mitsui |first7=T. |last8=Matsuoka |first8=T. |last9=Irikura |first9=M. |last10=Takebe |first10=T. |last11=Nishine |first11=S. |last12=Shirakawa |first12=T. |date=June 2000 |title=ZnSe-based white LEDs |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JCrGr.214.1064K/abstract |journal=Journal of Crystal Growth |language=en |volume=214-215 |issue=1-2 |pages=1064β1070 |doi=10.1016/S0022-0248(00)00275-X |issn=0022-0248}}</ref> A study published in the Journal of Crystal Growth in 2000 demonstrated that these ZnSe-based white LEDs exhibited a color temperature around 3400 K and a color rendering index (CRI) of 68. At a forward current of 20 mA, the optical output power was 2.0 mW, and the luminous efficiency was estimated at 10.4 lm/W, comparable to incandescent lamps and commercial InGaN-based white LEDs.<ref name=":5" /> However, challenges remain, particularly concerning device degradation. Reports indicate that the lifetime of these ZnSe-based white LEDs is limited, with some studies suggesting a half-life of approximately 800 hours at 20Β°C . Additionally, the commercialization of these devices has been hindered by issues such as electron overflow and the need for enhanced p-type carrier concentration.<ref name=":5" /> Despite these challenges, the development of phosphor-free ZnSe-based white LEDs represents a significant step toward more efficient and versatile lighting solutions. Ongoing research aims to address the limitations and improve the performance and longevity of these devices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radware Bot Manager Captcha |url=https://validate.perfdrive.com/fb803c746e9148689b3984a31fccd902/?ssa=c27adc9c-2c68-47d7-92c2-4217d3044d84&ssb=43834282869&ssc=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Fjournal%2F1674-1056%3F&ssi=f987b99d-cnvj-4ec1-8498-78e6ae7bf8cb&ssk=botmanager_support@radware.com&ssm=55157618935069704101449635340940&ssn=b9aff80796e106d5e08b5e4a28555350a98f3aec2dae-3010-4ede-b34970&sso=62d18fd1-b82aae4c1869a96c9e110bf174224e0b84e5079c9dd2faf0&ssp=67594533161748545119174852467951695&ssq=70284985460792714936054607916373967502819&ssr=MjA4LjgwLjE1My4xMDk=&sst=Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/110.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Citoid/WMF (mailto:noc@wikimedia.org)&ssu=&ssv=&ssw=&ssx=eyJfX3V6bWYiOiI3ZjYwMDBmMGZjY2Q4ZS0yMzI0LTRlMzctODY0NS1jMWU0MzRlMzc3NWYxNzQ4NTU0NjA3ODAzMC1hNGVjOGVjOTIzNmJlODgwMTAiLCJ1em14IjoiN2Y5MDAwMWRjODI2NjEtZWU2Ni00YzM1LWFlZWEtODMzNDNiM2I2MzkzMS0xNzQ4NTU0NjA3ODAzMC0wMDFjZWIzNGYyMTNjZDMzMTAiLCJyZCI6ImlvcC5vcmcifQ== |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=validate.perfdrive.com}}</ref>
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