Editing Ljubljana (section)

===Late modern===
[[File:Pristanišče_na_Bregu_1765.jpg|right|thumb|Ljubljana in the 18th century]]
[[File:Leander_Russ_-_Parade_zur_Begrüßung_des_Kaisers_in_Laibach_-_1845.jpeg|right|thumb|Celebration during the [[Congress of Laibach]], 1821]]
[[File:Špitalski_most,_Marijin_trg_in_pogled_proti_Šmarni_gori_z_gradu_1900.jpg|left|thumb|Ljubljana, c. 1900]]
[[File:Ljubljana_in_1895_(3).jpg|right|thumb|The 1895 earthquake destroyed much of the city centre, enabling an extensive renovation program.]]
[[File:Ljubljana_1909_(Salvatore_Spina)_removed_watermark.ogg|thumb|The oldest preserved film recordings of Ljubljana (1909), with a depiction of streets, the [[Ljubljana tram system|Ljubljana tram]], and a celebration. Salvatore Spina Company, Trieste.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Lojze |last=Tršan |journal=Arhivi: Glasilo arhivskega društva in arhivov Slovenije |issn=0351-2835 |url=http://www.arhivsko-drustvo.si/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Arhivi_2020-2-internet.pdf |title=V glavni vlogi nastopa Lilian ... |language=sl |trans-title=Starring Lilian ... |publisher=Arhivsko društvo Slovenije |year=2020 |volume=43 |issue=2 |page=461 |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125211956/http://www.arhivsko-drustvo.si/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Arhivi_2020-2-internet.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://arhiv.arhiv-spletisc.gov.si/si/delovna_podrocja/razstavna_dejavnost/arhivalija_meseca/arhivalija_meseca_april_2012/index.html |last=Tršan |first=Lojz |title=Arhivalija meseca (april 2012): Ljubljana 1909 |language=sl |trans-title=Archivalia of the Month (April 2012): Ljubljana 1909 |publisher=Arhiv republike Slovenije [Archives of the Republic of Slovena] |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601003801/http://www.arhiv-spletisc.gov.si/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
From 1809 to 1813, during the "[[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] interlude", Ljubljana (as ''Laybach'') was the capital of the [[Illyrian Provinces]].<ref name="Artis2" /><ref name="Histo42">{{cite web |title=Ljubljana in the 18th and 19th Centuries |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/ljubljana-18th-19th-centuries/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318073535/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/ljubljana-18th-19th-centuries/ |archive-date=18 March 2010 |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref> In 1813, the city returned to Austria and from 1815 to 1849 was the administrative centre of the [[Kingdom of Illyria (1816–1849)|Kingdom of Illyria]] in the Austrian Empire.<ref name="Cvirn20002">{{cite book |title=Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev |publisher=Mladinska knjiga |year=2000 |isbn=978-86-11-15664-4 |editor-last=Vidic |editor-first=Marko |page=213 |trans-title=The Illustrated History of the Slovenes |chapter=Ilirsko kraljestvo |trans-chapter=Kingdom of Illyria}}</ref> In 1821, it hosted the [[Congress of Laibach]], which fixed European political borders for that period.<ref name="InfoIntro2">{{cite web |title=Introducing Ljubljana |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/ |access-date=31 October 2009 |archive-date=19 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019132704/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jarrett |first=Mark |title=The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon |publisher=I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-78076-116-9 |location=London}}</ref> The first train arrived in 1849 from Vienna and in 1857 the line extended to [[Trieste]].<ref name="Histo42" />

In 1895, Ljubljana, then a city of 31,000, suffered [[1895 Ljubljana earthquake|a severe earthquake]] with a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 6.1 and a maximum [[European macroseismic scale|EMS intensity]] of VIII–IX ("heavily damaging – destructive").<ref name="ARSO1">{{cite web |url=https://potresi.arso.gov.si/doc/dokumenti/potresna_aktivnost/mocni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |title=Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji: Močni potresi v preteklosti |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Seismic Activity in Slovenia: Strong Earthquakes in the Past |work=Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji [Seismic Activity in Slovenia] |publisher=Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia |accessdate=15 May 2012 |archive-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722151101/http://www.arso.gov.si/potresi/potresna%20aktivnost/Mo%c4%8dni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 21 people died due to the earthquake and some 10% of the city's 1,400 buildings were destroyed.<ref name=ARSO-MPP>{{cite book |access-date=22 April 2024 |language=sl |title=Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji: Močni potresi v preteklosti |trans-title=Seismic Activity in Slovenia: Strong Earthquakes in the Past |url=https://potresi.arso.gov.si/doc/dokumenti/potresna_aktivnost/mocni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722151101/http://www.arso.gov.si/potresi/potresna%20aktivnost/Mo%c4%8dni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ARSO12">{{cite web |title=Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji: Močni potresi v preteklosti |trans-title=Seismic Activity in Slovenia: Strong Earthquakes in the Past |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/potresi/potresna%20aktivnost/Mo%c4%8dni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |access-date=15 May 2012 |work=Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji [Seismic Activity in Slovenia] |publisher=Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia |language=sl |archive-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722151101/http://www.arso.gov.si/potresi/potresna%20aktivnost/Mo%c4%8dni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> During the subsequent reconstruction, some districts were rebuilt in the [[Vienna Secession]] style.<ref name="Histo42" /> Public [[Incandescent light bulb|electric lighting]] arrived in 1898. The rebuilding period between 1896 and 1910 is referred to as the "revival of Ljubljana" because of architectural changes that defined the city and for reform of urban administration, health, education and tourism. The rebuilding and quick modernisation of the city were led by the mayor [[Ivan Hribar]].<ref name="Histo42" />

In 1918, following the dissolution of [[Austria-Hungary]], the region joined the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].<ref name="Artis2" /><ref name="Histo52">{{cite web |title=The Turbulent 20th Century |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/restless-20th-century/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315121957/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/restless-20th-century/ |archive-date=15 March 2010 |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite EB1922|wstitle=Yugoslavia|volume=32|page=1116}}</ref> In 1929, Ljubljana became the capital of the [[Drava Banovina]], a [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] province.<ref name="banovina2">{{cite web |title=Dans la Yougoslavie des Karageorgévitch |url=http://www.clio.fr/CHRONOLOGIE/chronologie_slovenie_dans_la_yougoslavie_des_karageorgevitch.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412051038/http://www.clio.fr/CHRONOLOGIE/chronologie_slovenie_dans_la_yougoslavie_des_karageorgevitch.asp |archive-date=12 April 2008 |access-date=30 July 2008 |language=fr}}</ref>

In 1941, during [[World War II]], [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] occupied the city, and then on 3 May 1941 made ''Lubiana'' the capital of Italy's [[Province of Ljubljana]]<ref name="rodogno2">{{cite book |author=[[Davide Rodogno]] |title=Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-84515-1 |page=82}}</ref> with former Yugoslav general [[Leon Rupnik]] as mayor. After the Italian capitulation, [[Nazi Germany]] with SS-general [[Erwin Rösener]] and [[Friedrich Rainer]] took control in 1943,<ref name="Histo52" /> but formally the city remained the capital of an Italian province until 9 May 1945. In Ljubljana, the Axis forces established strongholds and command centres of [[Quisling]] organisations, the [[Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia]] under Italy and the [[Slovene Home Guard|Home Guard]] under German control. Starting in February 1942, [[Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship|the city was surrounded by barbed wire]], later fortified by [[bunker]]s, to prevent co-operation between the [[Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation|resistance movements]] that operated inside and outside the fence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vurnik |first=Blaž |date=22 April 2016 |title=Kabinet čudes: Ljubljana v žičnem obroču |language=sl |trans-title=Cabinet of Curiosities: Ljubljana in the Barbed Wire Ring |newspaper=Delo.si |url=http://www.delo.si/znanje/izobrazevanje/kabinet-cudes-ljubljana-v-zicnem-obrocu.html |access-date=22 April 2016 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423120445/http://www.delo.si/znanje/izobrazevanje/kabinet-cudes-ljubljana-v-zicnem-obrocu.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="60 let2">{{cite web |last1=Hudolin |first1=Gašper |last2=Kerševan |first2=Ana Nuša |year=2016 |title=Ljubljanske zgodbe: 60. obletnica Pohodov ob žici |trans-title=Ljubljana Stories: The 60th Anniversary of the Marches Along the Wire |url=http://www.mklj.si/ljubljanske-zgodbe/item/download/734_f72c43e3efd7223e45a53e9a72ae0597 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508205104/http://www.mklj.si/ljubljanske-zgodbe/item/download/734_f72c43e3efd7223e45a53e9a72ae0597 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=22 April 2016 |publisher=Ljubljana Municipal Library |language=sl}}</ref> Since 1985, the [[Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship|commemorative trail]] has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood.<ref name="rideau fer2">{{in lang|sl|en}} {{cite web |title=The Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship |url=http://www.ljubljana-tourism.si/file/559602/2006-april-POT-SPOMINOV-IN-TOVARITVA-_2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230004/http://www.ljubljana-tourism.si/file/559602/2006-april-POT-SPOMINOV-IN-TOVARITVA-_2.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007 |access-date=30 July 2008}}</ref> Postwar reprisals filled [[Mass graves in Ljubljana|mass graves]].<ref name="Booker2">Booker, Christopher. 1997. ''A Looking-Glass Tragedy. The Controversy over the Repatriations From Austria In 1945.'' London: Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd., p. 214.</ref><ref>Vuletić, Dominik. 2007. "Kaznenopravni i povijesni aspekti bleiburškog zločina." ''Pravnik'' 41(85): 125–150.</ref><ref name="Grahek2">{{Cite web |title=Grahek Ravančić, Martina. 2009. "Izručenja i sudbine zarobljenika smještenih u savezničkim logorima u svibnju 1945. Journal of Contemporary History 41(2): 391–416. |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/74034 |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515215331/https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/74034 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ferenc2">Ferenc, Tone. 1999. "Šentvid." ''Enciklopedija Slovenije'', vol. 13 (Š–T). Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 28.</ref>

After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]], part of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. It retained this status until Slovene independence in 1991.<ref name="STAT112" />