Editing Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (section)

==Design==
===Overview===
[[File:F-22 Raptor.ogg|thumb|left|F-22 flight demonstration video|alt=Demonstration video of an F-22]]

The F-22 Raptor is a [[Fifth-generation jet fighter|fifth-generation]] air superiority fighter that is considered fourth generation in [[stealth aircraft]] technology by the USAF.<ref>Carlson, Maj. Gen. Bruce. [http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=597 "Subject: Stealth Fighters."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829052211/http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=597 |date=29 August 2010}} ''U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) News Transcript''. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</ref> It is the first operational aircraft to combine supercruise, [[supermaneuverability]], stealth, and integrated avionics (or sensor fusion) in a single [[weapons platform]] to enable it to survive and conduct missions, primarily offensive and defensive counter-air operations, in highly contested environments.<ref name="f22_factsheet">[https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104506/f-22-raptor/ "F-22 Raptor fact sheet."]. [https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104506/f-22-raptor/] U.S. Air Force, March 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2009.</ref>

The F-22's shape combines stealth and aerodynamic performance. Planform and panel edges are aligned at common angular aspects and the surfaces, also aligned accordingly, have continuous curvature to minimize the aircraft's radar cross-section.<ref name="Miller2005P25-27">Miller 2005, pp. 25-27.</ref> Its clipped diamond-like [[delta wing]]s have the leading edge swept 42°, trailing edge swept −17°, a slight anhedral and a conical camber to reduce supersonic [[wave drag]]. The shoulder-mounted wings are smoothly blended into the fuselage with four [[empennage]] surfaces and [[leading edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] running to the caret inlets' upper edges, where the forebody chines also meet. Flight control surfaces include [[Leading-edge slat|leading-edge flaps]], [[flaperon]]s, [[aileron]]s, [[rudder]]s on the canted [[vertical stabilizer]]s, and all-moving horizontal tails ([[stabilator]]s); for [[Air brake (aeronautics)|air braking]], the ailerons deflect up, flaperons down, and rudders outwards to increase drag.<ref>Miller 2005, pp. 79-91.</ref><ref name="f22_flight_test_update"/> Owing to the focus on supersonic performance, [[area rule]] is applied extensively to the airplane's shape and nearly all of the fuselage volume lies ahead of the wing's trailing edge to reduce drag at supersonic speeds, with the stabilators pivoting from tail booms extending aft of the engine nozzles.<ref>Sweetman 1998, pp. 34-36</ref> Weapons are carried internally in the fuselage for stealth. The jet has a retractable [[tricycle landing gear]] and an emergency [[tailhook]].<ref name="f22_flight_test_update">{{cite journal |last1=Kohn |first1=Lt. Col. Allen E. |last2=Rainey |first2=Lt. Col. Steven M. |author-link2=Steven M. Rainey |journal=SETP 41st Symposium |date=9 April 1999 |publisher=[[Society of Experimental Test Pilots]] |url=http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/f-22-emd-paper.htm |title=F-22 Flight Test Program Update |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717014716/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/f-22-emd-paper.htm |archive-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Fire suppression system and fuel tank [[inerting system]] are installed for survivability.<ref name="live_fire_testing"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sprouse |first=Jim |title=F-22 ECS/TMS Qualification Test Program Overview |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44650415 |journal=SAE Transactions |volume=106 |publisher=[[SAE International]] |date=1997|pages=402–407 |jstor=44650415 }}</ref>

The aircraft's dual [[Pratt & Whitney F119]] augmented [[turbofan]] engines are closely spaced and incorporate rectangular two-dimensional [[thrust vectoring]] nozzles with a range of ±20 degrees in the [[flight dynamics|pitch-axis]]; the nozzles are fully integrated into the F-22's flight controls and vehicle management system. Each engine has dual-redundant [[Hamilton Standard]] full-authority digital engine control ([[FADEC]]) and maximum [[thrust]] in the 35,000&nbsp;[[pound-force|lbf]] (156&nbsp;kN) class. The F-22's [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] at typical combat weight is nearly at unity in maximum military power and 1.25 in full [[afterburner]]. The fixed shoulder-mounted [[intake ramp|caret inlets]] are offset from the forward fuselage to divert the turbulent [[boundary layer]] and generate oblique shocks with the upper inboard corners to ensure good total pressure recovery and efficient supersonic flow compression.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jeffrey W. |last1=Hamstra |first2=Brent N. |last2=McCallum |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |title=Tactical Aircraft Aerodynamic Integration |doi=10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |isbn=9780470754405 |date=15 September 2010 |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019070031/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |url-status=live}}</ref> Maximum speed without external stores is approximately [[Mach (speed)|Mach]] 1.8 in supercruise at military/intermediate power and greater than Mach 2 with afterburners.{{refn|This capability was demonstrated in 2005 when General [[John P. Jumper]] exceeded Mach 1.7 in the F-22 without afterburners. When flying at Mach 2.0 at {{convert|40000|ft}} in steady level flight, the F-22 is only using 118% throttle out of 150% available (with 100% being military/intermediate power and 150% being full afterburner). Time from brake release to Mach 1.7 at {{convert|60000|ft}} level flight is less than 3 minutes 30 seconds.<ref>Powell, 2nd Lt. William. [https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/135233/general-jumper-qualifies-in-fa-22-raptor/ "General Jumper qualifies in F/A-22 Raptor."]  ''Air Force Link'', 13 January 2005.</ref><ref name="WMOF_JB">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lltMfkj1yPU |title=F-117 Nighthawk and F-22 Raptor with Jim "JB" Brown, President & CEO National Test Pilot School |date=21 November 2022 |publisher=Western Museum of Flight |location=Torrance, California |access-date=30 June 2023 |people=[[James E. Brown III|Brown, James "JB"]]}}</ref>|group=N}} With {{convert|18000|lbs|kg|0|abbr=on}} of internal fuel and an additional {{convert|8000|lbs|kg|0|abbr=on}} in two 600-gallon external tanks, the jet has a ferry range of over {{convert|1600|nmi|mi km|-1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="AFM">Ayton, Mark. "F-22 Raptor". ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'', August 2008, p. 75. Retrieved 19 July 2008.</ref> The aircraft has a refueling boom receptacle centered on its spine and an [[auxiliary power unit]] embedded in the left wing root.<ref>Miller 2005, pp. 93-94.</ref>

[[File:F-22F119.JPG|thumb|F-22 flying with its [[Pratt & Whitney F119]] engines on full afterburner during testing|alt=Rear view of jet aircraft in-flight at dawn/dusk above mountains. Its engines are in full afterburner, evident through the presence of shock diamonds.]]
The F-22's high cruise speed and operating altitude over prior fighters improve the effectiveness of its sensors and weapon systems, and increase survivability against ground defenses such as [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref>{{cite news |author=Bedard, David |url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/88337/bird-prey-bulldogs-accept-delivery-last-raptor |title=Bird of Prey: Bulldogs accept delivery of last Raptor |agency=Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Public Affairs |date=11 May 2012 |access-date=14 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512233348/http://www.dvidshub.net/news/88337/bird-prey-bulldogs-accept-delivery-last-raptor |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Grant, Rebecca. [http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Why_The_F-22_Is_Vital_Part_13_999.html "Why The F-22 Is Vital Part 13."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013185646/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Why_The_F-22_Is_Vital_Part_13_999.html |date=13 October 2012}} United Press International, 31 March 2009.</ref> Its ability to supercruise, or sustain [[Supersonic speed|supersonic]] flight without using afterburners, allows it to intercept targets that afterburner-dependent aircraft would lack the fuel to reach. The use of internal [[bomb bay|weapons bay]]s permits the aircraft to maintain comparatively higher performance over most other combat-configured fighters due to a lack of [[parasitic drag]] from external stores.<ref name="pilotperspective"/> The F-22's thrust and aerodynamics enable regular combat speeds of Mach 1.5 at {{convert|50000|ft}}, thus providing 50% greater employment range for air-to-air missiles and twice the effective range for JDAMs than with prior platforms.{{refn|In testing, an F-22 cruising at Mach 1.5 at 50,000 feet (15,000&nbsp;m) struck a moving target {{convert|24|mi|km}} away with a JDAM.<ref name="upi_20061122">{{Cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2006/11/22/US-orders-two-dozen-raptors-for-2010/UPI-51851164210418/ |title=U.S. orders two dozen Raptors for 2010 |work=[[United Press International]] |date=22 November 2006 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623104522/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2006/11/22/US-orders-two-dozen-raptors-for-2010/UPI-51851164210418/ |archive-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=N}}<ref name="af_almanac_200605">"USAF Almanac." ''Air Force Magazine'', May 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tirpak, John A. |url=http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2001/March%202001/0301fighter.pdf |title=Airpower, led by the F-22, can 'kick the door down' for the other forces |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120160723/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2001/March%202001/0301fighter.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2012 |journal=Air Force Magazine |publisher=Air Force Association |url-status=usurped |date=March 2001}}</ref> Its structure contains a significant amount of high-strength materials to withstand [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]] and heat of sustained supersonic flight. Respectively, [[titanium alloy]]s and [[bismaleimide]]/epoxy composites comprise 42% and 24% of the structural weight; the materials and multiple [[Structural load|load]] path structural design also enable good ballistic survivability.{{refn|The fuselage and wing structure was tested to validate survivability against [[30 mm caliber|30 mm]] cannon fire.<ref name="live_fire_testing">{{cite journal |author=((Committee on the Study of Live Fire Survivability Testing of the F-22 Aircraft)) |date=1995 |title=Live Fire Testing of the F-22 |url=https://doi.org/10.17226/4971 |journal=National Research Council |page=50 |doi=10.17226/4971 |isbn=978-0-309-05333-4 |publisher=The National Academies Press}}</ref>|group=N}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=William D. |last2=Mortara |first2=Sean |date=April 2007 |title=F-22 Aeroelastic Design and Test Validation |url=https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-1764 |journal=54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) |page=4 |doi=10.2514/6.2007-1764 |isbn=978-1-62410-013-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cotton |first1=J.D. |last2=Clark |first2=L.P. |last3=Phelps |first3=Hank |title=Titanium alloys on the F-22 fighter airframe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285009555 |date=May 2002 |volume=160 |issue=5 |journal=Advanced Materials & Processes Magazine |publisher=American Society for Metals ([[ASM International]])}}</ref>

The airplane's aerodynamics, [[relaxed stability]], and powerful thrust-vectoring engines give it excellent maneuverability and energy potential across its flight envelope, capable of 9-''g'' maneuvers at takeoff gross weight with full internal fuel.<ref name="WMOF_JB"/> Its large control surfaces, vortex-generating chines and LERX, and vectoring nozzles provide excellent high alpha ([[angle of attack]]) characteristics, and is capable of flying at trimmed alpha of over 60° while maintaining roll control and performing maneuvers such as the [[Herbst maneuver]] (J-turn) and [[Pugachev's Cobra]];<ref name="avweek_20070107"/> vortex impingement on the vertical tail fins did cause more [[buffeting]] than initially anticipated, resulting in the strengthening of the fin structure by changing the rear spar from composite to titanium.<ref name="FI_08_Sep_2003"/><ref name="peron_aoa">{{cite web |last=Peron |first=L. R. |url=http://www.sfte-ec.se/data/Abstract/A2000-II-02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053735/http://www.sfte-ec.se/data/Abstract/A2000-II-02.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2007 |title=F-22 Initial High Angle-of-Attack Flight Results (Abstract) |publisher=[[Air Force Flight Test Center]] |work=Society of Flight Test Engineers (STFE) 2000 Symposium |year=2000 |access-date=7 November 2009}}</ref> The computerized triplex-redundant [[fly-by-wire]] [[Aircraft flight control system|control system]] and FADEC make the aircraft highly [[departure resistance|departure resistant]] and controllable, thus giving the pilot carefree handling.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831002444/http://www.pw.utc.com/F119_Engine |archive-date=31 August 2014 |title=F119 Engine |publisher=Pratt & Whitney |url=http://www.pw.utc.com/F119_Engine}}</ref><ref name="pilotperspective">{{cite magazine |last1=Metz |first1=Paul |last2=Beesley |first2=Jon |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/oct_00/f-22/f22_1.html |title=F-22 Pilot Perspective |magazine=Code One Magazine |date=October 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424195255/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/oct_00/f-22/f22_1.html |archive-date=24 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Stealth===
[[File:F 22 raptor bomb bay display 2014 Reno Air Races photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|left|For stealth, the F-22 carries weapons in internal bays. The doors for the center and side bays are open; the six LAU-142/A AMRAAM Vertical Eject Launchers (AVEL) are visible.]]

The F-22 was designed to be highly difficult to detect and track by radar, with radio waves reflected, [[Scattering|scattered]], or [[Diffraction|diffracted]] away from the emitter source towards specific sectors, or absorbed and attenuated. Measures to reduce RCS include airframe shaping such as alignment of edges and continuous curvature of surfaces, internal carriage of weapons, fixed-geometry [[S-duct|serpentine inlet]]s and curved vanes that prevent line-of-sight of the engine fan faces and turbines from any exterior view, use of [[radar-absorbent material]] (RAM), and attention to detail such as hinges and pilot helmets that could provide a radar return.<ref name="Miller2005P25-27"/> The F-22 was also designed to have decreased radio frequency emissions, [[infrared signature]] and [[acoustic signature]] as well as [[aircraft camouflage|reduced visibility to the naked eye]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jenn |first=D. |url=http://faculty.nps.edu/jenn/ec4630/rcsredux.pdf |title=RCS Reduction (Lecture Notes) |work=Naval Postgraduate School |date=Fall 2011 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222070954/https://faculty.nps.edu/jenn/ec4630/rcsredux.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft's rectangular thrust-vectoring nozzles flatten the exhaust plume and facilitate its mixing with ambient air through [[vortex shedding|shed vortices]], which reduces infrared emissions to mitigate the threat of [[infrared homing]] ("heat seeking") surface-to-air or [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref>Aronstein and Hirschberg 1998, p. 284.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Katz |first=Dan |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/physics-and-techniques-infrared-stealth |title=The Physics And Techniques of Infrared Stealth |magazine=Aviation Week |publisher=Penton Media |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814125513/http://aviationweek.com/defense/physics-and-techniques-infrared-stealth |archive-date=14 August 2018 |url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Additional measures to reduce the infrared signature include special topcoat and [[Regenerative cooling|active cooling]] to manage the heat buildup from supersonic flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northropgrumman.com/AboutUs/AnalysisCenter/Documents/pdfs/analogues_stealth.pdf |title=Analogues of Stealth |publisher=Northrop Grumman |date=27 April 2012 |type=analysis paper |access-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219172328/http://www.northropgrumman.com/AboutUs/AnalysisCenter/Documents/pdfs/analogues_stealth.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Miller2005P25-27"/>

Compared to previous stealth designs, the F-22 is less reliant on RAM, which are maintenance-intensive and susceptible to adverse weather conditions, and can undergo repairs on the flight line or in a normal hangar without climate control. The F-22 incorporates a ''Signature Assessment System'' which delivers warnings when the radar signature is degraded and necessitates repair.<ref name="avweek_20070107" /> While the F-22's exact RCS is [[Classified information in the United States|classified]], in 2009 Lockheed Martin released information indicating that from certain angles the airplane has an RCS of 0.0001 m<sup>2</sup> or −40 [[Decibel#Radar|dBsm]] – equivalent to the radar reflection of a "steel marble"; the aircraft can mount a [[Luneburg lens]] reflector to mask its RCS.<ref name="f22-paris">{{cite web |last=Fulghum |first=David A. |url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/f-22-raptor-make-paris-air-show-debut |title=F-22 Raptor To Make Paris Air Show Debut |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819132737/http://aviationweek.com/awin/f-22-raptor-make-paris-air-show-debut |archive-date=19 August 2016 |work=Aviation Week |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=15 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lockie |first=Alex |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/f-35-luneberg-radar-cross-section-russia-estonia-2017-5 |title=This strange mod to the F-35 kills its stealth near Russian defenses—and there's good reason for that |work=Business Insider |date=5 May 2017 |access-date=15 February 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824190211/https://www.businessinsider.com/f-35-luneberg-radar-cross-section-russia-estonia-2017-5 |url-status=live}}</ref> For missions where stealth is required, the [[availability|mission capable rate]] is 62–70%.{{refn|"... noting that Raptors are ready for a mission around 62 percent of the time, if its low-observable requirements are met (DAILY, 20 November). Reliability goes up above 70 percent for missions with lower stealth demands."<ref>{{cite news |last=Butler |first=Amy |url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/usaf-chief-notes-f-22s-are-needed-defends-capabilities |title=USAF Chief Defends F-22 Need, Capabilities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819052137/http://aviationweek.com/awin/usaf-chief-notes-f-22s-are-needed-defends-capabilities |archive-date=19 August 2016 |work=Aviation Week |publisher=McGraw Hill |date=17 February 2009 |access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref> |group= N}} Beginning in 2021, the F-22 has been seen testing a new chrome-like surface coating, speculated to help reduce the F-22's detectability by infrared tracking systems.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theaviationist.com/2021/12/10/f-22-with-a-mirror-like-coating/ | title=This Video Provides Another Look at the F-22 Raptor Covered with a Mirror-Like Coating | date=10 December 2021 | access-date=13 March 2023 | archive-date=30 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130102155/https://theaviationist.com/2021/12/10/f-22-with-a-mirror-like-coating/ | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theaviationist.com/2022/03/19/second-chrome-f-22-raptor/ | title=There's Now a Second 'Chrome' F-22 Raptor Flying with Mirror-Like Coating at Nellis AFB | date=19 March 2022 | access-date=13 March 2023 | archive-date=12 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212195536/https://theaviationist.com/2022/03/19/second-chrome-f-22-raptor/ | url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor (09-4191) arrives at the 2016 RIAT Fairford 7Jul2016 arp.jpg|thumb|Front fuselage detail of an F-22]]
The effectiveness of the stealth characteristics is difficult to gauge. The RCS value is a restrictive measurement of the aircraft's frontal or side area from the perspective of a static radar. When an aircraft maneuvers it exposes a completely different set of angles and surface area, potentially increasing radar observability. Furthermore, the F-22's stealth contouring and radar-absorbent materials are chiefly effective against high-frequency radars, usually found on other aircraft. The effects of [[Rayleigh scattering]] and resonance mean that [[low-frequency radar]]s such as [[weather radar]]s and [[early-warning radar]]s are more likely to detect the F-22 due to its physical size. These are also conspicuous, susceptible to [[Clutter (radar)|clutter]], and have low precision.<ref>Ralston, J; Heagy, J; et al. [http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a359931.pdf "Environmental/Noise Effects on UHF/VHF UWB SAR".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102110548/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a359931.pdf |date=2 January 2015}} ''dtic.mil'', September 1998. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Additionally, while faint or fleeting radar contacts make defenders aware that a stealth aircraft is present, reliably vectoring interception to attack the aircraft is much more challenging.<ref>Plopsky, Guy and Fabrizio Bozzato. [https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/the-f-35-vs-the-vhf-threat/ "The F-35 vs. The VHF Threat."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226203753/https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/the-f-35-vs-the-vhf-threat/ |date=26 December 2014}} ''The Diplomat'', 21 August 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Grant, Rebecca |title=The Radar Game: Understanding Stealth and Aircraft Survivability |publisher=[[Mitchell Institute]] |date=September 2010 |url=https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/AFA/6379b747-7730-4f82-9b45-a1c80d6c8fdb/UploadedImages/Mitchell%20Publications/The%20Radar%20Game.pdf |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203095318/https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/AFA/6379b747-7730-4f82-9b45-a1c80d6c8fdb/UploadedImages/Mitchell%20Publications/The%20Radar%20Game.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Avionics===
[[File:F-22 put out Flare.jpg|thumb|left|An F-22 releases a flare during a training flight]]
The aircraft has an integrated avionics system where through sensor fusion, data from all onboard sensor systems as well as off-board inputs are filtered and processed into a combined tactical picture, thus enhancing the pilot's [[situational awareness]] and reducing workload. Key mission systems include [[Sanders Associates|Sanders]]/General Electric AN/ALR-94 electronic warfare system, [[Martin Marietta]] AN/AAR-56 [[infrared]] and [[ultraviolet]] [[Missile Approach Warning|Missile Launch Detector]] (MLD), [[Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems|Westinghouse]]/[[Texas Instruments]] [[AN/APG-77]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar, [[TRW Inc.|TRW]] Communication/Navigation/Identification (CNI) suite, and [[Raytheon]] <!--AN/ASG-XX -->advanced [[infrared search and track]] (IRST) being tested.<ref name="F22greenbats">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/f-22-raptor-being-readied-for-aim-260-missile-by-green-bats-testers |last=Hunter |first=Jamie |title=F-22 Raptor Being Readied for AIM-260 Missile by Green Bats Testers |work=The War Zone |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815231133/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/f-22-raptor-being-readied-for-aim-260-missile-by-green-bats-testers |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tirpak |first=John |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/new-f-22-sensors-service-life/ |title=New F-22 Sensors Could Help Extend the Raptor's Service Life |work=Air and Space Forces Magazine |publisher=Air and Space Forces Association |date=20 August 2024}}</ref><ref>[https://helitavia.com/avionics/TheAvionicsHandbook_Cap_32.pdf The F-22 avionics architecture is characterized as a common, modular, highly integrated system.]</ref>

The APG-77 radar has a low-observable, active-aperture, electronically scanned antenna with multiple target [[track-while-scan]] in all weather conditions; the antenna is tilted back for stealth. Its emissions can be focused to overload enemy sensors as an [[Radar jamming and deception|electronic attack]] capability. The radar changes frequencies more than 1,000 times per second to [[Low probability of intercept radar|lower interception probability]] and has an estimated range of {{convert|125|-|150|mi|km|abbr=on}} against an {{convert|1|m2|sqft|abbr=on|order=flip}} target and {{convert|250|mi|km|abbr=on}} or more in narrow beams. The upgraded APG-77(V)1 provides air-to-ground functionality through synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mapping, [[Moving target indication|ground moving target indication/track]] (GMTI/GMTT), and strike modes.<ref name="apg77v1fi"/><ref name="avweek_20070107">{{cite web |last1=Fulghum |first1=D.A. |last2=Fabey |first2=M.J |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005256/http://www.f22-raptor.com/media/documents/aviation_week_010807.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=F-22 Combat Ready |work=[[Aviation Week]] |date=8 January 2007 |url=http://www.f22-raptor.com/media/documents/aviation_week_010807.pdf |access-date=7 November 2009}}</ref> The ALR-94 electronic warfare system, among the most technically complex equipment on the F-22, integrates more than 30 antennas blended into the wings and fuselage for all-round [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) coverage and threat geolocation. It can be used as a passive detector capable of searching targets at ranges (250+ [[Nautical mile|nmi]]) exceeding the radar's, and can provide enough information for a target lock and cue radar emissions to a [[pencil (optics)|narrow beam]] (down to 2° by 2° in azimuth and elevation). Depending on the detected threat, the defensive systems can prompt the pilot to release countermeasures such as flares or chaff. The MLD uses six sensors to provide [[all-aspect|full spherical]] infrared coverage while the advanced IRST, housed in a stealthy wing pod, is a narrow field-of-view sensor for long-range passive identification and targeting.<ref name="mld">{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/MissileLaunchDetector.html |title=Missile Launch Detector (MLD) |publisher=Lockheed Martin |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017101911/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/MissileLaunchDetector.html |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> To ensure stealth in the radio frequency spectrum, CNI emissions are strictly controlled and confined to specific sectors, with tactical communication between F-22s performed using the directional Inter/Intra-Flight Data Link (IFDL); the integrated CNI system, which incorporates a MIDS-JTRS terminal, also manages [[TACAN]], IFF (including [[Aviation transponder interrogation modes|Mode 5]]), and communication through various methods such as [[HAVE QUICK]]/SATURN and [[SINCGARS]].<ref>Klass, Philip J. "Sanders Will Give BAE Systems Dominant Role in Airborne EW." ''Aviation Week'', Volume 153, issue 5, 31 July 2000, p. 74.</ref><ref name="fighter_EW_next">Sweetman 2000, pp. 41–47.</ref> The aircraft was also upgraded with an automatic ground collision avoidance system (GCAS).<ref>{{cite web |last=Tirpak |first=John |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/air-force-starts-fielding-auto-ground-collision-avoidance-system-in-f-35s/ |title=Air Force Starts Fielding Auto Ground Collision Avoidance System in F-35s |work=Air Force Magazine |date=25 July 2019 |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731040726/https://www.airforcemag.com/air-force-starts-fielding-auto-ground-collision-avoidance-system-in-f-35s/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:CIP F-22.jpg|thumb|A CIP unit for the F-22]]
Information from radar, CNI, and other sensors are processed by two [[Hughes Electronics|Hughes]] Common Integrated Processor (CIP) mission computers, each capable of processing up to 10.5&nbsp;billion [[instructions per second]].<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Air Dominance With The F-22 Raptor |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/653138229/Avionics-Magazine-Air-Dominance-With-the-F-22-Raptor-AVIlockheed2j |magazine=Avionics Magazine |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Access Intelligence |date=2002 |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA301209.pdf |title=Defense Science Board report on Concurrency and Risk of the F-22 program |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201111826/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA301209&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Defense Science Board |date=April 1995 |access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref> The F-22's baseline software has some 1.7&nbsp;million [[source lines of code|lines of code]], the majority involving the mission systems such as processing radar data.<ref>Pace 1999, p. 58.</ref> The highly integrated nature of the avionics architecture system, as well as the use of the programming language [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]],{{refn|Former Secretary of the USAF Michael Wynne blamed the use of the DoD's Ada for cost overruns and delays on many military projects, including the F-22, mistakenly referring to Ada as an operating system rather than a programming language, and citing "the scramble to retain talent for ADA when careers were being made in DOS, Apple and LINUX".<ref name=Wynne_Terminate_F-22>Wynne, Michael. [https://sldinfo.com/2009/10/michael-wynne-on-the-industrial-impact-of-the-decision-to-terminate-the-f-22-program/ "Michael Wynne on: The Industrial Impact of the Decision to Terminate the F-22 Program."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131234/https://sldinfo.com/2009/10/michael-wynne-on-the-industrial-impact-of-the-decision-to-terminate-the-f-22-program/ |date=31 March 2019}} ''Second Line of Defense'', 2 October 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2011.</ref>|group=N}} has made the development and testing of upgrades challenging. To enable more rapid upgrades, the CIPs were upgraded with [[Curtiss-Wright]] open mission systems (OMS) processor modules as well as a modular open systems architecture called the Open Systems Enclave (OSE) orchestration platform to allow the avionics suite to interface with [[Containerization (computing)|containerized]] software from third-party vendors.<ref name="raptorroadmap2019"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/sensors-electronic-warfare/flight-test-clears-f-22-fleet-accept-third-party-software |title=Flight Test Clears F-22 Fleet To Accept Third-Party Software |work=Aviation Week |date=30 August 2022 |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831204858/https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/sensors-electronic-warfare/flight-test-clears-f-22-fleet-accept-third-party-software |url-status=live}}</ref>

The F-22's ability to operate close to the battlefield gives the aircraft threat detection and identification capability comparative with the [[Rivet Joint|RC-135 Rivet Joint]], and the ability to function as a "mini-[[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]]", though its radar is less powerful than those of dedicated platforms. This allows the F-22 to rapidly designate targets for allies and coordinate friendly aircraft.<ref name="avweek_20070107"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Pawlyk |first=Oriana |url= https://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/06/27/the-f22-syria-deconflicting-not-dog-fighting.html |title= The F-22 in Syria: Deconflicting, Not Dog-Fighting |date=27 June 2017 |work=Military.com}}</ref> Although communication with other aircraft types was initially limited to voice, upgrades have enabled data to be transferred through a [[Battlefield Airborne Communications Node]] (BACN) or via JTIDS/[[Link 16]] traffic through MIDS-JTRS.<ref name=mids-j>{{cite web |url= https://www.intelligent-aerospace.com/military/article/14187849/bae-f-22-friend-or-foe |title= BAE Systems receives certification for F-22 friend-or-foe capability |work= Intelligent Aerospace |date= 23 November 2020 |access-date= 26 September 2021 |archive-date= 26 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210926014451/https://www.intelligent-aerospace.com/military/article/14187849/bae-f-22-friend-or-foe |url-status= live}}</ref> The [[IEEE 1394]]B [[Bus (computing)|bus]] developed for the F-22 was derived from the commercial IEEE 1394 "FireWire" bus system.<ref name="avweek_20070205">Philips, E.H. "The Electric Jet." ''Aviation Week'', 5 February 2007.</ref> In 2007, the F-22's radar was tested as a wireless data transceiver, transmitting data at 548 megabits per second and receiving at gigabit speed, far faster than the Link 16 system.<ref>Page, Lewis. [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/06/19/super_stealth_jet_acts_as_flying_wifi_hotspots/ "F-22 superjets could act as flying Wi-Fi hotspots."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005080754/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/06/19/super_stealth_jet_acts_as_flying_wifi_hotspots/ |date=5 October 2010}} ''The Register'', 19 June 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2009.</ref> The radio frequency receivers of the electronic support measures (ESM) system give the aircraft the ability to perform [[intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance]] (ISR) tasks.<ref>{{cite web |author=Reed, John. |url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2009/12/airforce_deptula_121909/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604212938/http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2009/12/airforce_deptula_121909/ |archive-date=4 June 2012 |title=Official: Fighters should be used for spying |work=Air Force Times |date=20 December 2009 |access-date=9 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Freedberg |first=Sydney |url= https://breakingdefense.com/2016/11/f-22-f-35-outsmart-test-ranges-awacs/ |title= F-22, F-35 Outsmart Test Ranges, AWACS |date=7 November 2016 |work=Breaking Defense}}</ref>

===Cockpit===
[[File:F-22-raptor-16.jpg|thumb|Cockpit of the F-22, showing instruments, head-up display and throttle top (lower left)]]

The F-22 has a [[glass cockpit]] with all-digital flight instruments. The monochrome [[head-up display]] offers a wide field of view and serves as a primary [[flight instrument]]; information is also displayed upon six color [[liquid-crystal display]] (LCD) panels.<ref name=Williams_p10>Williams 2002, p. 10.</ref> The primary flight controls are a force-sensitive [[side-stick]] controller and a pair of throttles. The USAF initially wanted to implement [[direct voice input]] (DVI) controls, but this was judged to be too technically risky and was abandoned.<ref>Goebel, Greg. [http://www.airvectors.net/avf22.html "The Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170607/http://www.airvectors.net/avf22.html |date=30 March 2019}} ''airvectors.net'', 1 July 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012. {{unreliable source|date=February 2024}}</ref> The canopy's dimensions are approximately 140&nbsp;inches long, 45&nbsp;inches wide, and 27&nbsp;inches tall (355&nbsp;cm × 115&nbsp;cm × 69&nbsp;cm) and weighs 360 pounds.<ref name=LMBrettSHaisty>{{cite web |url=http://www.f22fighter.com/AffordableStealth.pdf |title=Lockheed Martin's Affordable Stealth |publisher=Lockheed Martin |date=15 November 2000 |page=2 |access-date=3 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920003412/http://www.f22fighter.com/AffordableStealth.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The canopy was redesigned after the original design lasted an average of 331 hours instead of the required 800 hours. Although the F-22 was originally intended to have a helmet mounted display (HMD), this was deferred during development to save costs; the aircraft is currently integrating the Scorpion HMD.<ref name="hatch.senate.gov"/>

The F-22 has integrated radio functionality, the signal processing systems are virtualized rather than as a separate hardware module.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Metz |first=Alfred "Paul" |subject-link= |interviewer-last=Kopp |interviewer-first=Carlo |title=Just How Good Is The F-22 Raptor? |work= |date=September 1998 |publisher=Air Power International |location= |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/API-Metz-Interview.html |access-date=30 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207171735/http://www.ausairpower.net/API-Metz-Interview.html |archive-date=7 December 2006}}</ref> The integrated control panel (ICP) is a keypad system for entering communications, navigation, and autopilot data. Two {{Convert|3|x|4|in|cm|abbr=on}} up-front displays located around the ICP are used to display integrated caution advisory/warning (ICAW) data, CNI data and also serve as the stand-by flight instrumentation group and fuel quantity indicator for redundancy.<ref name=MoirSeabridge>"Military Avionics Systems", Ian Moir and Allan Seabridge, Wiley, pp. 360</ref> The stand-by flight group displays an [[artificial horizon]], for basic [[instrument meteorological conditions]]. The {{Convert|8|x|8|in|cm|abbr=on}} [[Multi-function display|primary multi-function display]] (PMFD) is located under the ICP, and is used for navigation and situation assessment. Three {{Convert|6.25|x|6.25|in|cm|abbr=on}} secondary multi-function displays are located around the PMFD for tactical information and stores management.<ref name=Williams_p11>Williams 2002, p.&nbsp;11.</ref>

The ejection seat is a version of the [[ACES II]] commonly used in USAF aircraft, with a center-mounted ejection control.<ref>[http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a446673.pdf "ACES II Pre-Planned Product Improvement (P3I) Program Update."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222052258/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a446673.pdf |date=22 February 2017}} ''dtic.mil.'' Retrieved: 24 December 2014.</ref> The F-22 has a complex [[life support system]], which includes the onboard oxygen generation system (OBOGS), protective pilot garments, and a breathing regulator/anti-g (BRAG) valve controlling flow and pressure to the pilot's mask and garments. The pilot garments were developed under the Advanced Technology Anti-G Suit (ATAGS) project and protect against chemical/biological hazards and [[Water landing|cold-water immersion]], counter [[g-force]]s and low pressure at high altitudes, and provide thermal relief.<ref name=ATAGSRichardsonS>"A preliminary investigation of a fluid-filled ECG-triggered anti-g suit", February 1994</ref> Following a series of hypoxia-related issues, the life support system was consequently revised to include an automatic backup oxygen system and a new flight vest valve.<ref name="resume-op"/> In combat environments, the ejection seat includes a modified [[M4 carbine]] designated the GAU-5/A.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27950/usaf-fighter-pilots-are-now-flying-with-these-converted-m4-rifles-in-their-survival-kits |title=USAF Fighter Pilots Are Now Flying With These Converted M4 Rifles In Their Survival Kits |work=The War Zone |date=10 May 2019}}</ref>

===Armament===
[[File:F-22 GBU39B AIM-120 m02006120800117.jpg|thumb|left|One [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] (right) and four [[GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb|GBU-39 SDB]] (left) fitted in the main weapons bay of an F-22]]

The F-22 has three internal weapons bays: a large main bay on the bottom of the fuselage, and two smaller bays on the sides of the fuselage, aft of the engine inlets; a small bay for countermeasures such as flares is located behind each side bay.<ref>Pace 1999, pp. 65–66.</ref> The main bay is split along the centerline and can accommodate six LAU-142/A launchers for beyond-visual-range (BVR) missiles and each side bay has an LAU-141/A launcher for short-range missiles. The primary air-to-air missiles are the [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] and the [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]], with planned integration of the [[AIM-260 JATM]].<ref>[https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/p010403.pdf "Technologies for Future Precision Strike Missile Systems – Missile/Aircraft Integration. ADA387602."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321102315/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/p010403.pdf |date=21 March 2019}} ''dtic.mil.''</ref> Missile launches require the bay doors to be open for less than a second, during which pneumatic or hydraulic arms push missiles clear of the aircraft; this is to reduce vulnerability to detection and to deploy missiles during high-speed flight.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130526171429/http://www.exelisinc.com/solutions/Launchers/Pages/default.aspx "LAU-142/A – AVEL – AMRAAM Vertical Eject Launcher."] Exelis. Retrieved 7 November 2009.</ref> An internally mounted [[M61 Vulcan|M61A2 Vulcan]] 20&nbsp;mm [[rotary cannon]] is embedded in the airplane's right wing root with the [[Muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]] covered by a retractable door, which remains closed when the cannon is not firing in order to minimize the negative effect the exposed muzzle on the aircraft's radar signature<ref name=Miller_2005_p94>Miller 2005, p. 94.</ref> The radar projection of the cannon fire's path is displayed on the pilot's head-up display.<ref>DeMarban, Alex. [https://archive.today/20120719154456/http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/target-towing-cessna-pilot-unconcerned-about-live-fire-practice-f-22s "Target-towing Cessna pilot unconcerned about live-fire practice with F-22s."] ''Alaska Dispatch'', 3 May 2012.</ref>

Although designed for air-to-air missiles, the main bay can replace four launchers with two bomb racks that can each carry one 1,000&nbsp;lb (450&nbsp;kg) or four 250&nbsp;lb (110&nbsp;kg) bombs for a total of {{convert|2000|lb|kg|sigfig=2}} of air-to-surface ordnance.<ref name=Polmar>Polmar 2005, p. 397.</ref><ref name="f22_factsheet"/> In 2024, Lockheed Martin disclosed its proposed [[Mako (missile)|Mako]] [[Hypersonic speed|hypersonic]] missile, a 1,300&nbsp;lb (590&nbsp;kg) weapon that can be carried internally in the F-22.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2024/mako-a-hypersonic-missile-thats-more-than-ready.html |title=A Hypersonic Missile That's More Than Ready |publisher=Lockheed Martin |date=22 July 2024}}</ref> While capable of carrying weapons with GPS guidance such as JDAMs and SDBs, the F-22 cannot self-designate laser-guided weapons.<ref name=DefIndDaily>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/f22-raptor-procurement-events-updated-02908/ |title=The F-22 Raptor: Program & Events |work=Defense Industry Daily |date=13 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022022733/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/f22-raptor-procurement-events-updated-02908/ |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:F-22 AIM-120.jpg|thumb|F-22 with external weapons pylons]]
While the F-22 typically carries weapons internally, the wings include four [[hardpoint]]s, each rated to handle {{convert|5000|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. Each hardpoint can accommodate a pylon that can carry a detachable 600-[[gallon]] (2,270 L) external fuel tank or a launcher holding two air-to-air missiles; the two inboard hardpoints are "plumbed" for external fuel tanks. The two outboard hardpoints have since been dedicated to a pair of stealthy pods housing the IRST and mission systems. The aircraft can jettison external tanks and their pylon attachments to restore its low observable characteristics and [[kinematics|kinematic]] performance.<ref>Pace 1999, pp. 71–72.</ref>

===Maintenance===
Each F-22 requires a three-week packaged maintenance plan (PMP) every 300 flight hours.<ref name="tyndalltraining">Camelo, Maj. Wilson. [https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/486936/tyndall-afb-takes-f-22-pilot-training-to-next-level/ "Tyndall AFB takes F-22 pilot training to next level".] U.S. Air Force, 30 July 2014. Archived from [https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/486936/tyndall-afb-takes-f-22-pilot-training-to-next-level/ original.]</ref> Its stealth coatings were designed to be more robust and weather-resistant than those of earlier stealth aircraft,<ref name="avweek_20070107" /> yet early coatings failed against rain and moisture when F-22s were initially posted to [[Guam]] in 2009.<ref>Holmes, Erik. [https://archive.today/20120730194046/http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2009/10/airforce_F22_100409w/ "F-22 problems linked to rain in Guam."] ''Air Force Times'', 5 October 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2010.</ref> Stealth measures account for almost one third of maintenance, with coatings being particularly demanding.<ref>{{cite news |author=Seligman, Lara |url=https://aviationweek.com/air-combat-safety/us-air-force-tackles-repair-f-22-stealth-coating |title=U.S. Air Force Tackles Repair To F-22 Stealth Coating |work=Aviation Week |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=19 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720165014/http://aviationweek.com/air-combat-safety/us-air-force-tackles-repair-f-22-stealth-coating |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="raptorroadmap2019"/> F-22 depot maintenance is performed at Ogden Air Logistics Complex at [[Hill Air Force Base|Hill AFB]], Utah; considerable care is taken during maintenance due to the small fleet size and limited attrition reserve.<ref>[https://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/story/id/123350437/ "Air Force to consolidate F-22 depot maintenance at Hill".]  U.S. Air Force, 29 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2014.</ref>

F-22s were available for missions 63% of the time on average in 2015, up from 40% when it was introduced in 2005. Maintenance hours per flight hour was also improved from 30 early on to 10.5 by 2009, lower than the requirement of 12; man-hours per flight hour was 43 in 2014. When introduced, the F-22 had a Mean Time Between Maintenance (MTBM) of 1.7 hours, short of the required 3.0; this rose to 3.2 hours in 2012.<ref name="hatch.senate.gov"/><ref name=availability_63%/> By fiscal year 2015, the cost per flight hour was $59,116, while the user reimbursement rate was approximately US$35,000 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000|start_year=2019}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) per flight hour in 2019.<ref name="F22cost2019"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Drew, James |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/f-35a-cost-and-readiness-data-improves-in-2015-as-fl-421499/ |title=F-35A cost and readiness data improves in 2015 as fleet grows |work=FlightGlobal |date=2 February 2015 |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043626/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/f-35a-cost-and-readiness-data-improves-in-2015-as-fl-421499/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>