Editing Luwian language (section)

== Morphology ==
=== Nouns ===
There were two [[grammatical gender]]s: animate and inanimate/neuter. There are two [[grammatical number]]s: singular and plural. Some animate nouns could also take a collective plural in addition to the regular numerical plural.

Luwian had six [[grammatical case|cases]]:
# [[nominative]]
# [[genitive]]
# [[dative]]/[[locative]]
# [[accusative]]
# [[ablative]]/[[Instrumental case|instrumental]]
# [[vocative]]

The vocative case occurs rarely in surviving texts and only in the singular.

{| class="wikitable"
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative animate
| -s || rowspan="2" | -anzi, -inzi
|-
! Accusative animate
| -n, -an
|-
! Nominative/accusative inanimate
| -Ø, -n || -a, -aya
|-
! Genitive
| -s, -si || –
|-
! Dative/locative
| -i, -iya, -a || -anza
|-
! Ablative/instrumental
| colspan="2" | -ati
|}

In the animate gender, an ''-i-'' is inserted between the stem and the case ending. In hieroglyphic Luwian, the particle ''-sa/-za'' is added to the nominative/accusative inanimate case ending. In the genitive case, cuneiform and hieroglyphic Luwian differ sharply from each other. In cuneiform Luwian the possessive suffix ''-assa'' is used for the genitive singular and ''-assanz-'' is used for the genitive plural. In hieroglyphic Luwian, as in Hittite, the classical Indo-European suffixes ''-as'' for the genitive singular and ''-an'' for the plural are used.<ref>Melchert 2003 p. 171</ref> The special form of possessive adjectives with a plural possessor is restricted to Kizzuwatna Luwian and probably represents a [[calque]] from [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]].<ref>Yakubovich 2010, pp. 45–53</ref>

Because of the prevalence of ''-assa'' place names and words scattered around all sides of the [[Aegean Sea]], the possessive suffix was sometimes considered evidence of a shared non-Indo-European language or an Aegean [[Sprachbund]] preceding the arrivals of Luwians and [[Greeks]]. It is, however, possible to account for the Luwian possessive construction as a result of case attraction in the Indo-European noun phrase.<ref>Yakubovich 2008</ref>

=== Adjective ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative animate
| -asis || rowspan="2" | -asinzi
|-
! Accusative animate
| -asin
|-
! Nominative/accusative inanimate
| -asanza || -asa
|-
! Dative/locative
| -asan || -asanza
|-
! Ablative/instrumental
| colspan="2" | -asati
|}

Adjectives agree with nouns in number and gender. Forms for the nominative and the accusative differ only in the animate gender and even then, only in the singular. For the sake of clarity, the table includes only the endings beginning with ''-a'', but endings can also begin with an ''-i''. The forms are largely derived from the forms of the nominal declension, with an ''-as-'' before the case ending that would be expected for nouns.

=== Pronouns ===
In addition to [[personal pronouns]] typical of Anatolian languages, Luwian also has [[demonstrative pronouns]], the which are formed from ''apa-'' and ''za-/zi-''. The case endings are similar those of Hittite, but not all cases are attested for personal pronouns. In the third person, the demonstrative pronoun ''apa-'' occurs instead of the personal pronoun.

{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 
! colspan="2" | Personal pronouns
! Possessive pronouns
|-
! <small>independent</small>
! <small>enclitic</small>
! <small>independent</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
! singular
| amu, mu || -mu, -mi || ama-
|-
! plural
| anzas, anza || -anza || anza-
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! singular
| tu, ti || -tu, -ti || tuwa-
|-
! plural
| unzas, unza || -manza || unza-
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! singular
| (apa-) || -as, -ata, -an, -du || apasa-
|-
! plural
| (apa-) || -ata, -manza || apasa-
|}

Possessive pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in ''apa-'' are declined as adjectives. All known forms of the personal pronouns are given, but it is not clear how their meanings differed or how they changed for different cases.

In addition to the forms given in the table, Luwian also had a demonstrative pronoun formed from the stem ''za-/zi-'', but not all cases are known, and also a [[relative pronoun]], which was declined regularly: ''kwis'' (nominative singular animate), ''kwin'' (accusative singular animate), ''kwinzi'' (nominative/accusative plural animate), ''kwati'' (ablative/instrumental singular), ''kwanza'' (dative/locative plural), ''kwaya'' (nominative/accusative plural inanimate). Some [[indefinite pronoun]]s whose meanings are not entirely clear are also transmitted.

=== Verbs ===
Like many other Indo-European languages, Luwian distinguishes two numbers (singular and plural) and three [[grammatical person|persons]]. There are two [[grammatical mood|mood]]s: [[indicative]] and [[imperative mood|imperative]] but no [[subjunctive]]. There are two [[grammatical tense|tense]]s: the [[present tense|present]], which is used to express future events as well, and the [[preterite]].

The following active [[Voice (grammar)|voice]] endings have been attested:

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | 
! Present
! Preterite
! Imperative
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
! singular
| -wi || -ha || –
|-
! plural
| -mina || -hana || –
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! singular
| -si, -tisa || -ta || Ø
|-
! plural
| -tani || -tan || -tanu
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! singular
| -ti(r), -i, -ia || -ta(r) || -tu(r)
|-
! plural
| -nti || -nta || -ntu
|}

The conjugation is very similar to the Hittite [[Hittite language#Verbs|''ḫḫi'' conjugation]].

For the [[mediopassive voice|mediopassive]], the following endings are attested:{{sfn|Melchert|2003a|p=192}}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | 
! Present
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! singular
|
|-
! plural
| -ttuwar(i)
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! singular
| -ar(i), -t(t)ari
|-
! plural
| -antari
|}

A single [[participle]] can be formed with the suffix ''-a(i)mma''. It has a passive sense for transitive verbs and a stative sense for intransitive verbs. The [[infinitive]] ends in ''-una''.