Editing MMR vaccine (section)

==History==
[[File:Hilleman-Walter-Reed.jpeg|thumb|[[Maurice Hilleman]], who developed the MMR vaccine]]
[[File:Preparation of measles vaccines.jpg|thumb|Two workers make openings in chicken eggs in preparation for a measles vaccine]]
The component viral strains of MMR vaccine were developed by propagation in animal and human cells.<ref name="pmid12962524">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wellington K, Goa KL |title=Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (Priorix; GSK-MMR): a review of its use in the prevention of measles, mumps and rubella |journal=Drugs |volume=63 |issue=19 |pages=2107–26 |date=2003 |pmid=12962524 |doi=10.2165/00003495-200363190-00012 |url=}}</ref>

For example, in the case of mumps and measles viruses, the virus strains were grown in embryonated [[chicken]] eggs. This produced strains of virus which were adapted for chicken cells and less well-suited for human cells. These strains are therefore called ''[[Vaccination#Types of vaccinations|attenuated]] strains''. They are sometimes referred to as ''neuroattenuated'' because these strains are less [[virulence|virulent]] to human [[neuron]]s than the wild strains.

The rubella component, Meruvax, was developed in 1967, through propagation using the human embryonic lung cell line [[WI-38]] (named for the [[Wistar Institute]]) that was derived six years earlier in 1961.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Plotkin SA, Vaheri A | title = Human fibroblasts infected with rubella virus produce a growth inhibitor | journal = Science | volume = 156 | issue = 3775 | pages = 659–661 | date = May 1967 | pmid = 6023662 | doi = 10.1126/science.156.3775.659 | s2cid = 32622296 | bibcode = 1967Sci...156..659P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hayflick L, Moorhead PS | title = The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains | journal = Experimental Cell Research | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 585–621 | date = December 1961 | pmid = 13905658 | doi = 10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Disease immunized
!Component vaccine
!Virus strain
!Propagation medium
![[Growth medium]]
|-
|[[Measles]]
|[[Attenuvax]]
| Enders' attenuated Edmonston strain<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/a/attenuvax/attenuvax_pi.pdf
| title =Attenuvax Product Sheet
| access-date =4 February 2009
| year = 2006
| publisher =Merck & Co
| page =1
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091231032205/http://merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/a/attenuvax/attenuvax_pi.pdf
| archive-date= 31 December 2009
}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"|chick embryo cell culture
| rowspan="2" |Medium 199
|-
|[[Mumps]]
|[[Mumpsvax]]<ref name="Merck_Mumpsvax_1999_pdf">{{cite web
| url=http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/m/mumpsvax/mumpsvax_pi.pdf
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813175920/http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/m/mumpsvax/mumpsvax_pi.pdf
| archive-date=13 August 2006
| url-status=dead
|title=MUMPSVAX (Mumps Virus Vaccine Live) Jeryl Lynn Strain
| year=2002
| author=Merck Co.
| publisher=Merck Co.
| author-link=Merck & Co.
| access-date=26 January 2015
}}</ref>
|[[Jeryl Lynn]] (B level) strain<ref name="Jeryl_Lynn_1967_pdf">{{cite journal | vauthors = Young ML, Dickstein B, Weibel RE, Stokes J, Buynak EB, Hilleman MR | title = Experiences with Jeryl Lynn strain live attenuated mumps virus vaccine in a pediatric outpatient clinic | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 40 | issue = 5 | pages = 798–803 | date = November 1967 | pmid = 6075651 | doi = 10.1542/peds.40.5.798 | s2cid = 35878536 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Rubella]]
|[[Meruvax II]]
| Wistar RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella virus
| [[WI-38]] human embryonic [[cell line]]
| MEM (solution containing buffered salts, [[fetal bovine serum]], [[human serum albumin]] and [[neomycin]], etc.)
|}
The term "MPR vaccine" is also used to refer to this vaccine, whereas "P" refers to [[parotitis]] which is caused by mumps.<ref name="mpr"/>

Merck MMR II is supplied freeze-dried ([[lyophilization|lyophilized]]) and contains live viruses. Before injection, it is reconstituted with the solvent provided.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/about.html|title=About the Vaccine – MMR and MMRV Vaccine Composition and Dosage|access-date=7 October 2021|date=26 January 2021|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006025435/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/about.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to a review published in 2018, the [[GlaxoSmithKline]] (GSK) MMR vaccine known as Pluserix "contains the Schwarz measles virus, the Jeryl Lynn–like mumps strain, and RA27/3 rubella virus".<ref name="plotkin18">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-35761-6.00052-3|chapter=Rubella Vaccines|title=Plotkin's Vaccines|year=2018| vauthors = Reef SE, Plotkin SA |pages=970–1000.e18|isbn=9780323357616}}</ref>

Pluserix was introduced in Hungary in 1999.<ref name=borocz20/> Enders' Edmonston strain has been used since 1999 in Hungary in [[Merck & Co.|Merck]] MMR II product.<ref name="borocz20">{{cite journal | vauthors = Böröcz K, Csizmadia Z, Markovics Á, Farkas N, Najbauer J, Berki T, Németh P | title = Application of a fast and cost-effective 'three-in-one' MMR ELISA as a tool for surveying anti-MMR humoral immunity: the Hungarian experience | journal = Epidemiology and Infection | volume = 148 | pages = e17 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32014073 | pmc = 7019553 | doi = 10.1017/S0950268819002280 }}</ref> GSK Priorix vaccine, which uses attenuated Schwarz Measles, was introduced in Hungary in 2003.<ref name=borocz20/>