Editing Magazine (section)

==History==
{{more citations needed section|date = January 2025}}
[[File:M. Browne - Herbert Railton - Sydney Grundy - Arthur Sullivan - Haddon Hall.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Front cover of 1 October 1892 issue of ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'']]
The earliest example of magazines was ''[[Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen]]'', a literary and philosophy magazine, which was launched in 1663 in Germany.<ref name="mdes">{{cite web|title=History of magazines|url=http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/|website=Magazine Designing|access-date=10 October 2013|date=26 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183917/http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', first published in 1741 in London was the first general-interest magazine.<ref name="History"/> [[Edward Cave]], who edited ''The Gentleman's Magazine'' under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use the term "magazine", on the analogy of a military storehouse,<ref>''[[OED]]'', ''s.v.'' "Magazine", and {{cite web|url=http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695|title=Magazine – A Dictionary of the English Language – Samuel Johnson – 1755|website=johnsonsdictionaryonline.com|access-date=16 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127040136/http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695|archive-date=27 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> the quote being: "a monthly collection, to treasure up as in a magazine".<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Magazine |volume=17 |page=301}}</ref> Founded by [[Herbert Ingram]] in 1842, ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' was the first [[illustrated]] weekly news magazine.<ref name="History">{{cite news|title=The History of Magazines|url=https://www.magazines.com/history-of-magazines|publisher=Magazines.com|access-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827171442/https://www.magazines.com/history-of-magazines|archive-date=27 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Britain===
The oldest consumer magazine still in print is ''[[The Scots Magazine]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmediascotland.com/press/20344/app-launches-for-the-scots-magazine/|title=App launches for The Scots Magazine - allmediascotland…media jobs, media release service and media resources for all|website=www.allmediascotland.com|access-date=18 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914171226/http://www.allmediascotland.com/press/20344/app-launches-for-the-scots-magazine/|archive-date=14 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> which was first published in 1739, though multiple changes in ownership and gaps in publication totalling over 90 years weaken that claim. ''[[Lloyd's List]]'' was founded in Edward Lloyd's England coffee shop in 1734; although its online platform is still updated daily, it has not been published as a printed magazine since 2013, when it ended print publication after 274 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lloydslist.com/ll/incoming/article429827.ece|title=Lloyd's List set to become a totally digital service on 20 December 2013|website=lloydslist.com|access-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821210334/https://www.lloydslist.com/ll/incoming/article429827.ece|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===France===
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{{main|History of French journalism|History of journalism}}
[[File:GazettedeFrance.jpg|upright=0.7|thumb|right|''[[La Gazette (France)|La Gazette]]'', 26 December 1786]]
Under the [[Ancien Régime]], the most prominent magazines were {{Lang|fr|[[Mercure de France]]}}, {{Lang|fr|[[Journal des sçavans]]}}, founded in 1665 for scientists, and {{Lang|fr|[[La Gazette (France)|Gazette de France]]}}, founded in 1631. [[Jean Loret]] was one of France's first journalists. He disseminated the weekly news of music, dance and Parisian society from 1650 until 1665 in verse, in what he called a ''gazette burlesque'', assembled in three volumes of ''La Muse historique'' (1650, 1660, 1665). The French press lagged a generation behind the British, for they catered to the needs of the aristocracy, while the newer British counterparts were oriented toward the middle and working classes.<ref>Botein, Stephen; Censer, Jack R. & Ritvo, Harriet. "The periodical press in eighteenth-century English and French society: a cross-cultural approach." ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' 23#3 (1981): 464–490.</ref>{{primary source inline|date=January 2025}}

Periodicals were censored by the central government in [[Paris]]. They were not totally quiescent politically—often they criticized Church abuses and bureaucratic ineptitude. They supported the monarchy and they played at most a small role in stimulating the revolution.<ref>{{cite book|first = Jack |last = Censer|isbn =  9781134861606 |title = The French press in the age of Enlightenment|date = 2002|publisher = Taylor & Francis}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2025}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2025}} During the Revolution, new periodicals played central roles as propaganda organs for various factions. [[Jean-Paul Marat]] (1743–1793) was the most prominent editor. His ''[[L'Ami du peuple]]'' advocated vigorously for the rights of the lower classes against the enemies of the people Marat hated; it closed when he was assassinated. After 1800 Napoleon reimposed strict censorship.<ref>Darnton, Robert & Roche, Daniel, eds., ''Revolution in Print: the Press in France, 1775–1800'' (1989).{{full citation needed|date=January 2025}}<!--CHAPTER AUTHOR? CHAPTER OF BOOK? ISBN? URL? WP:VERIFY CALLS FOR NARROW PAGE RANGES OF BOOKS.--></ref>{{page needed|date=January 2025}}

Magazines flourished after Napoleon left in 1815. Most were based in Paris and most emphasized literature, poetry and stories. They served religious, cultural and political communities. In times of political crisis they expressed and helped shape the views of their readership and thereby were major elements in the changing political culture.<ref>[[Keith Michael Baker]], et al., ''The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture: The transformation of the political culture, 1789–1848'' (1989).{{full citation needed|date=January 2025}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2025}} For example, there were eight Catholic periodicals in 1830 in Paris. None were officially owned or sponsored by the Church and they reflected a range of opinion among educated Catholics about current issues, such as the 1830 July Revolution that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy. Several were strong supporters of the Bourbon kings, but all eight ultimately urged support for the new government, putting their appeals in terms of preserving civil order. They often discussed the relationship between church and state. Generally, they urged priests to focus on spiritual matters and not engage in politics. Historian M. Patricia Dougherty says this process created a distance between the Church and the new monarch and enabled Catholics to develop a new understanding of church-state relationships and the source of political authority.<ref>Dougherty, M. Patricia. "The French Catholic press and the July Revolution." ''French History'' 12#4 (1998): 403–428.</ref>{{primary source inline|date = January 2025}}

=== Turkey ===

==== General ====
The ''Moniteur Ottoman'' was a gazette written in [[French language|French]] and first published in 1831 on the order of [[Mahmud II]]. It was the first [[Government gazette|official gazette]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], edited by Alexandre Blacque at the expense of the [[Sublime Porte]]. Its name perhaps referred to the French newspaper ''[[Le Moniteur Universel]]''. It was issued weekly. ''[[Takvim-i Vekayi|Takvim-i vekayi]]'' was published a few months later, intended as a translation of the ''Moniteur'' into [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]. After having been edited by former Consul for Denmark "''M. Franceschi''", and later on by "''Hassuna de Ghiez''", it was lastly edited by Lucien Rouet. However, facing the hostility of embassies, it was closed in the 1840s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Qiling |first=Ma'muriyatiga Murojaat |title=Usually a periodical publication: MAGAZINE |work=hozir.org  |date=2019 |url=http://hozir.org/usually-a-periodical-publication.html }}</ref>

==== Satire ====
{{unreferenced section|date = January 2025}}
[[Satirical magazines of Turkey|Satirical magazines]] of Turkey have a long tradition. One of the earliest satirical magazines was ''[[Diyojen]]'' which was launched in 1869. There are around 20 satirical magazines; the leading ones are ''[[Penguen]]'' (70,000 weekly circulation), ''LeMan'' (50,000) and ''Uykusuz''. Historical examples include [[Oğuz Aral]]'s magazine ''[[Gırgır]]'' (which reached a circulation of 500,000 in the 1970s) and ''[[Marko Paşa]]'' (launched in 1946). Others include ''L-Manyak'' and ''Lombak''.

===United States===
{{Further|History of American journalism|Mass media and American politics}}

==== Colonial America ====
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Publishing was a very expensive industry in colonial times. Paper and printer's ink were taxed imported goods and their quality was inconsistent. [[Import-Export Clause|Interstate tariffs]] and a poor road system hindered distribution, even on a regional scale. Many magazines were launched, most failing within a few editions, but publishers kept trying. [[Benjamin Franklin]] is said to have envisioned one of the first magazines of the American colonies in 1741, the ''General Magazine and Historical Chronicle''. The ''Pennsylvania Magazine'', edited by [[Thomas Paine]], ran only for a short time but was a very influential publication during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. The final issue containing the text of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] was published in 1776.<ref name=vogue>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Daniel Delis |title=As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising |date=2004 |page=2|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MvilOZhaRkAC&pg=PA2|publisher = Texas Tech University Press|isbn = 9780896726161}}</ref>{{better source needed|date = January 2025}}

==== Late 19th century ====
In the mid-19th century, monthly magazines gained popularity. They were general interest to begin, containing some news, vignettes, poems, history, political events, and social discussion.<ref>Straubhaar, LaRose, Davenport. ''Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology'' (Nelson Education, 2015).{{full citation needed|date = January 2025}}</ref>{{page needed|date = January 2025}} Unlike newspapers, they were more of a monthly record of current events along with entertaining stories, poems, and pictures. The first periodicals to branch out from news were [[Harper's Magazine|''Harper's'']] and ''[[The Atlantic]]'', which focused on fostering the arts.<ref name="Biagi">Biagi, Shirley. Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, 2013 Update. Cengage Publishing, 2013. {{full citation needed|date = January 2025}}</ref>{{page needed|date = January 2025}} Both ''Harper's'' and ''The Atlantic'' persist to this day, with ''Harper's'' being a cultural magazine and The Atlantic focusing mainly on world events. Early publications of ''Harper's'' even held famous works such as early publications of [[Moby-Dick|''Moby Dick'']] or famous events such as the laying of the world's first [[transatlantic telegraph cable]]; however, the majority of early content was trickle down from British events.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author =  | magazine = Harper's Magazine|title = About|url = http://harpers.org/history/|date = 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151205201154/http://harpers.org/history/|archive-date = 5 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>

The development of the magazines stimulated an increase in literary criticism and political debate, moving towards more opinionated pieces from the objective newspapers.<ref name="Biagi" />{{page needed|date = January 2025}} The increased time between prints and the greater amount of space to write provided a forum for public arguments by scholars and critical observers.<ref name="Frank Luther Mott">{{cite book|first = Frank Luther|last = Mott|title = A History of American Magazines, 1865–1885|date = 1938|isbn = 9780674395527|publisher = Harvard University Press|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zt1V-ISXFsoC|access-date = 20 August 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160407224411/https://books.google.com/books?id=zt1V-ISXFsoC&printsec=frontcover|archive-date = 7 April 2016|url-status = live}}{{page needed|date = January 2025}}</ref>{{page needed|date = January 2025}}

The early periodical predecessors to magazines started to evolve to modern definition in the late 1800s.<ref name="Frank Luther Mott" />{{page needed|date = January 2025}} Works slowly became more specialized and the general discussion or cultural periodicals were forced to adapt to a consumer market which yearned for more localization of issues and events.<ref name="Biagi" />{{page needed|date = January 2025}}

====Progressive era: 1890s–1920s====
[[File:LIFEMagazine10Jul1924.jpg|thumb|The Olympic Number of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', 10 July 1924. Issues of general interest magazines focused on a specific subject were referred to as "numbers" and featured cover art relevant to the given topic, in this case the [[1924 Summer Olympics]].]]
{{further|Muckrakers|Mass media and American politics}}
Mass-circulation magazines became much more common after 1900, some with circulations in the hundreds of thousands of subscribers. Some passed the million-mark in the 1920s. It was an age of [[mass media]]. Because of the rapid expansion of national advertising, the cover price fell sharply to about 10 cents.<ref>{{cite book|first1 =Peter C.|last1= Holloran |first2= Catherine|last2= Cocks|first3= Alan |last3= Lessoff|title=The A to Z of the Progressive Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt3243E-Wm0C&pg=PA266|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810870697|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191216215435/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt3243E-Wm0C&pg=PA266|archive-date=16 December 2019 | page = 266}}</ref> One cause was the heavy coverage of corruption in politics, local government and big business, especially by ''Muckrakers.'' They were journalists who wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. They relied on their own [[investigative journalism]] reporting; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and [[Corruption in the United States|political corruption]]. Muckraking magazines–notably ''[[McClure's]]''–took on corporate monopolies and crooked [[political machine]]s while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and [[social issues]] such as [[child labor]].<ref>Herbert Shapiro, ed., ''The muckrakers and American society'' (Heath, 1968), contains representative samples as well as academic commentary.{{full citation needed|date = January 2025}}</ref>{{page needed|date = January 2025}}

The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, corruption, and scandal operated at the state and local level, like [[Ray Stannard Baker]], [[George Creel]], and [[Brand Whitlock]]. Others, including [[Lincoln Steffens]], exposed political corruption in many large cities; [[Ida Tarbell]] went after [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s [[Standard Oil Company]]. [[Samuel Hopkins Adams]] in 1905 showed the fraud involved in many patent medicines, [[Upton Sinclair]]'s 1906 novel ''[[The Jungle]]'' gave a horrid portrayal of how meat was packed, and, also in 1906, [[David Graham Phillips]] unleashed a blistering indictment of the U.S. Senate. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained that they were not being helpful by raking up all the muck.<ref>Robert Miraldi, ed. ''The Muckrakers: Evangelical Crusaders'' (Praeger, 2000).{{full citation needed|date = January 2025}}</ref>{{page needed|date = January 2025}}<ref>Stein, Harry H. "American Muckrakers and Muckraking: The 50-Year Scholarship", ''Journalism Quarterly'', (1979) 56#1 pp 9–17.</ref>

==== 1930s–1990s ====
[[File:Fatima Rushdi - Al-Kawakeb cover.jpg|thumb|Actress [[Fatima Rushdi]] on the cover of Al-Kawakeb magazine, 12 September 1932]]

====21st century====
[[File:State 2009-01- Iss 530 (IA sim state-magazine 2009-01 530).pdf|thumb|Full [[Image scanner|scan]] of the January 2009 issue of ''[[State Magazine]]'', published by the [[United States Department of State]]]]
According to the Research Department of [[Statista]], closures of magazines outnumbered launches in [[North America]] during 2009. Although both figures declined during 2010–2015, launches outnumbered closures in each of those years, sometimes by a 3:1 ratio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statista.com/statistics/248772/number-of-magazine-launches-and-closures-in-north-america/|title=Number of magazine launches and closures in North America 2015 {{!}} Statistic|website=Statista|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502210920/http://www.statista.com/statistics/248772/number-of-magazine-launches-and-closures-in-north-america/|archive-date=2 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Focusing more narrowly, MediaFinder.com found that 93 new magazines were launched during the first six months of 2014, while only 30 closed in that time frame. The category which produced the most new publications was "Regional interest", of which six new magazines were launched, including ''12th & Broad'' and ''Craft Beer & Brewing''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/229207/93-magazines-launch-in-first-half-of-2014.html|title=93 Magazines Launch in First Half of 2014|last=Sass|first=Erik|date=1 July 2014|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603085037/http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/229207/93-magazines-launch-in-first-half-of-2014.html|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2025}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2025}} However, two magazines had to change their print schedules. [[Johnson Publishing Company|Johnson Publishing]]'s ''[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]'' stopped printing regular issues, making the transition to digital format, though still printing an annual print edition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.johnsonpublishing.com/index.php/in-the-news/jet-magazine-to-shift-to-digital-publishing-next-month/|title=Jet Magazine to Shift to Digital Publishing Next Month {{!}} Johnson Publishing Company|website=www.johnsonpublishing.com|first=Leslie|last=Kaufman|date=7 May 2014 |access-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604140121/http://www.johnsonpublishing.com/index.php/in-the-news/jet-magazine-to-shift-to-digital-publishing-next-month/|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'' stopped their monthly schedule and home delivery for subscribers to become a quarterly newsstand-only special interest publication.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/business/media/ladies-home-journal-to-become-a-quarterly.html|title=Ladies' Home Journal to Become a Quarterly|last=Cohen|first=Noam|date=24 April 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529134712/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/business/media/ladies-home-journal-to-become-a-quarterly.html|archive-date=29 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to statistics from the end of 2013, subscription levels for 22 of the top 25 magazines declined from 2012 to 2013, with just ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]'' and ''[[ESPN The Magazine]]'' gaining numbers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magazinedeals.com/magazine/articles/brief-history-of-magazines-and-subscriptions.jsp|title=A Brief History of Magazines and Subscriptions|publisher=MagazineDeals.com|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629211757/http://www.magazinedeals.com/magazine/articles/brief-history-of-magazines-and-subscriptions.jsp|archive-date=29 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> However, by 2024, some titles, notably outdoors magazines, appeared to be growing in popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Branch |first=John |date=2024-06-16 |title=In a Digital Age, High-End Outdoors Magazines Are Thriving in Print |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/16/business/media/outdoors-print-magazines.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

====Women's magazines====
The "seven sisters" of American women's magazines are ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'', ''[[Good Housekeeping]]'', ''[[McCall's]]'', ''[[Woman's Day]]'', ''[[Redbook]]'', ''[[Family Circle]]'', and ''[[Better Homes and Gardens (magazine)|Better Homes and Gardens]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Women's periodicals in the United States: consumer magazines |date=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-02930-1 |editor-last=Endres |editor-first=Kathleen L. |series=Historical guides to the world's periodicals and newspapers |location=Westport, Conn |editor-last2=Lueck |editor-first2=Therese L.}}</ref> Some magazines, among them ''[[Godey's Lady's Book]]'' and ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', were intended exclusively for a female audience, emphasizing the traditional gender roles of the 19th century.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} ''Harper's Bazaar'' was the first to focus exclusively on [[Haute couture|couture fashion]], fashion accessories and textiles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Best |first=Kate |title=The history of fashion journalism |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc |isbn=978-1-84788-656-9 |location=London ; New York}}</ref> The inclusion of [[didactic]] content about housekeeping may have increased the appeal of the magazine for a broader audience of women and men concerned about the frivolity of a fashion magazine.<ref name=vogue/>{{verify source|date = January 2025}}<!--It does not appear that this end-of-paragraph source covers all matter covered herein.-->