Editing Management (section)

==Training and education==
{{see|Business school|Public policy school|College of Arts and Sciences}}

Colleges and universities around the world offer bachelor's degrees, graduate degrees, diplomas, and certificates in management; generally within their colleges of business, business schools, or faculty of management but also in other related departments. 

Higher education has been characterized as a necessary factor in the managerial revolution in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholas |first=Tom |date=2024 |title=Human Capital and the Managerial Revolution in the United States: Evidence from General Electric |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01400 |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1162/rest_a_01400 |issn=0034-6535|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Requirement===
While some professions require academic credentials in order to work in the profession (e.g., law, medicine, and engineering, which require, respectively the [[Bachelor of Law]], [[Doctor of Medicine]], and [[Bachelor of Engineering]] degrees), management and administration positions do not necessarily require the completion of academic degrees. Some well-known senior executives in the US who did not complete a degree include [[Steve Jobs]], [[Bill Gates]] and [[Mark Zuckerberg]]. However, many managers and executives have completed some type of business or management training, such as a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] or a [[Master of Business Administration]] degree. Some major organizations, including companies, non-profit organizations, and governments, require applicants to managerial or executive positions to hold at minimum [[bachelor's degree]] in a field related to administration or management, or in the case of business jobs, a Bachelor of Commerce or a similar degree.

===Undergraduate===
{{see|Business education#Undergraduate education|Political science|Public administration}}

At the undergraduate level, the most common business programs are the [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] (BBA) and [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (B.Com.).
These typically comprise a four-year program designed to give students an overview of the role of managers in planning and directing within an organization. 
Course topics include accounting, financial management, statistics, marketing, strategy, and other related areas.

Many other undergraduate degrees include the study of management, such as [[Bachelor of Arts]]  and [[Bachelor of Science]] degrees with a major in [[business administration]] or management and the [[Bachelor of Arts]] (BA) or [[Bachelor of Science]] (BS) in [[political science]] (PoliSci) with a concentration in [[public administration]] or the Bachelor of Public Administration (B.P.A), a degree designed for individuals aiming to work as [[bureaucrat]]s in the [[Public administration|government jobs]]. 
Many colleges and universities also offer certificates and diplomas in business administration or management, which typically require one to two years of full-time study.

To manage technological areas, one often needs an undergraduate degree in a [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics#Immigration policy|STEM area]].

===Graduate===
{{see|Business education#Postgraduate education}}
At the graduate level students aiming at careers as managers or executives may choose to specialize in major subareas of management or business administration such as [[entrepreneurship]], [[human resources]], [[international business]], [[organizational behavior]], [[organizational theory]], [[strategic management]],<ref>{{cite web|title=AOM Placement Presentations|url=http://aom.org/Placement/AOM-Placement-Presentations.aspx}}</ref> [[accounting]], [[corporate finance]], entertainment, global management, [[healthcare management]], [[investment management]], sustainability and [[real estate]].

A [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) is the most popular professional degree at the master's level and can be obtained from many universities in the United States. MBA programs provide further education in management and leadership for graduate students. Other master's degrees in business and management include [[Master of Management]] (MM) and the [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) in business administration or management, which is typically taken by students aiming to become researchers or professors.

There are also specialized master's degrees in administration for individuals aiming at careers outside of [[business]], such as the [[Master of Public Administration]] (MPA) degree (also offered as a [[Master of Arts]] or [[Master of Science]] in public administration in some universities), for students aiming to become managers or executives in the public service and the [[Master of Health Administration]], for students aiming to become managers or executives in the health care and hospital sector.

Management doctorates are the most advanced [[terminal degree]]s in the field of business and management. Most individuals obtaining management doctorates take the programs to obtain the training in research methods, statistical analysis, and writing academic papers that they will need to seek careers as researchers, senior consultants, and/or professors in business administration or management. There are several types of management doctorates:  the [[Doctor of Management]] (DM), the [[Doctor of Business Administration]] (DBA), the [[Doctor of Public Administration]](DPA), the [[Ph.D.]] in business administration, the Ph.D. in management, and the Ph.D. in political science with a concentration in public administration.  In the 2010s, doctorates in business administration and management were available with many specializations.

===Good practices===
While management trends can change fast, the long-term trend in management has been defined by a market embracing diversity and a rising service industry. Managers are currently being trained to encourage greater [[equality of opportunities]] for minorities and women in the workplace, offering increased flexibility in working hours, better retraining, and innovative (and usually industry-specific) performance markers. Managers destined for the service sector are being trained to use unique measurement techniques, better worker support, and more charismatic leadership styles.{{cn|date=August 2024}} [[Promotion (rank)|Promotion]] prospects can [[incentive|incentivise]] performance improvements.<ref name="j780">{{cite journal | last=Campbell | first=Dennis | title=Nonfinancial Performance Measures and Promotion-Based Incentives | journal=Journal of Accounting Research | volume=46 | issue=2 | date=2008 | issn=0021-8456 | doi=10.1111/j.1475-679X.2008.00275.x | doi-access=free | pages=297–332}}</ref> [[Human resources]] finds itself increasingly working with management in a training capacity to help collect management data on the success (or failure) of management actions with employees.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of HR in Uncertain Times|url=http://graphics.eiu.com/marketing/pdf/Oracle_HR.pdf|access-date=18 January 2015|website=Economist Intelligence Unit}}</ref> 

Good practices identified for managers include "walking the shop floor",<ref>Verity, J., [https://peoplepuzzles.co.uk/news/five-benefits-of-walking-the-shop-floor/ Five benefits of walking the 'shop floor'], ''People Puzzles'', accessed 11 March 2023</ref> and, especially for managers who are new in post, identifying and achieving some "quick wins" which demonstrate visible success in establishing appropriate objectives. Leadership writer [[John Kotter]] uses the phrase "Short-Term Wins" to express the same idea.<ref>Kotter, J., [https://www.kotterinc.com/8-steps-process-for-leading-change/ The 8-Step Process for Leading Change], accessed 11 March 2023</ref> As in all work, achieving an appropriate [[work-life balance]] for self and others is an important management practice.<ref>Britt, H., [https://www.goskills.com/Office-Productivity/Resources/Work-life-balance-tips 14 Ways To Improve Work-Life Balance], accessed 11 March 2023</ref>

====Evidence-based management====
{{Main|Evidence-based management}}
[[Evidence-based management]] is an emerging movement to use the current, best evidence in management and [[decision-making]]. It is part of the larger movement towards [[evidence-based practices]]. Evidence-based management entails managerial decisions and organizational practices informed by the best available evidence.<ref name="Pfeffer_2006">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hardfactsdangero00pfef|title=Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths And Total Nonsense: Profiting From Evidence-Based Management|vauthors=Pfeffer J, Sutton RI|date=March 2006|publisher=Harvard Business Review Press|isbn=978-1-59139-862-2|edition=first|location=Boston, Mass|author-link1=Jeffrey Pfeffer|author-link2=Robert I. Sutton|url-access=registration}}</ref> As with other evidence-based practice, this is based on the three principles of published peer-reviewed (often in management or social science journals) research evidence that bears on whether and why a particular management practice works; judgment and experience from contextual management practice, to understand the organization and interpersonal dynamics in a situation and determine the risks and benefits of available actions; and the preferences and values of those affected.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Spring B|date=July 2007|title=Evidence-based practice in clinical psychology: what it is, why it matters; what you need to know|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|language=en|volume=63|issue=7|pages=611–31|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.9970|doi=10.1002/jclp.20373|pmid=17551934}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lilienfeld SO, Ritschel LA, Lynn SJ, Cautin RL, Latzman RD|date=November 2013|title=Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice: root causes and constructive remedies|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|volume=33|issue=7|pages=883–900|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.008|pmid=23647856}}</ref>