Editing Map (section)

==Types{{anchor|Map_types_and_projections}}==
{{Category see also|Map types}}<!--This link doesn't seem appropriate-->
[[File:Map of United States accessible colors shown.svg|thumb|A four-colored map of the states of the United States (ignoring lakes and oceans)]]
[[File:Mid-ocean ridge system.gif|thumb| {{center|[[Bathymetry]] of the ocean floor showing the [[continental shelf|continental shelves]] and [[oceanic plateau]]s (red), the [[mid-ocean ridge]]s (yellow-green) and the [[abyssal plain]]s (blue to purple)}}]]

Maps of the world or large areas are often either "political" or "physical". The most important purpose of the ''political map'' is to show territorial [[border]]s and [[administrative region]]s; the purpose of the ''physical map'' is to show features of [[geography]] such as mountains, soil type, or land use including infrastructures such as roads, railroads, and buildings. 

[[File:The geologic map of the Moon at 1-2.5M scale.png|thumb|Geological map of the Moon]]
[[Topographic map]]s show [[elevation]]s and [[Terrain|relief]] with [[contour line]]s or shading. 
[[Geological map]]s show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, [[fault (geology)|fault]] lines, and subsurface structures.

===Electronic===<!-- Electronic map redirects here -->
{{Further|Web page|PDF#Optional Content Groups (layers)|MapQuest|Google Maps|Google Earth|OpenStreetMap|Yahoo! Maps}}
[[File:Topographic map example.png|thumb|A [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] [[digital raster graphic]].]]
From the last quarter of the 20th century, the indispensable tool of the [[cartographer]] has been the computer. Much of cartography, especially at the data-gathering [[surveying|survey]] level, has been subsumed by [[geographic information system|geographic information systems]] (GIS). The functionality of maps has been greatly advanced by technology simplifying the superimposition of spatially located variables onto existing geographic maps. Having local information such as rainfall level, distribution of wildlife, or demographic data integrated within the map allows more efficient analysis and better decision making. In the pre-electronic age such [[superimposition]] of data led [[John Snow (physician)|Dr. John Snow]] to identify the location of an outbreak of [[cholera]]. Today, it is used by agencies around the world, as diverse as wildlife conservationists and militaries.

[[File:Maps-for-free Sierra Nevada.png|thumb|[[Topographic map|Relief map]] of the [[Sierra Nevada]]]]

Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps.

Interactive, computerized maps are commercially available, allowing users to ''zoom in'' or ''zoom out'' (respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale), sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centered where possible on the same point. In-car [[global navigation satellite system]]s are computerized maps with route planning and advice facilities that monitor the user's position with the help of satellites. From the computer scientist's point of view, zooming in entails one or more of:

# replacing the map by a more detailed one
# enlarging the same map without enlarging the [[pixel]]s, hence showing more detail by removing less information compared to the less detailed version
# enlarging the same map with the pixels enlarged (replaced by rectangles of pixels); no additional detail is shown, but, depending on the user's vision, possibly more detail can be seen. If a computer display does not show adjacent pixels really separately, but overlapping instead (this does not apply for an [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]], but may apply for a [[cathode-ray tube]]), then replacing a pixel by a rectangle of pixels does show more detail. A variation of this method is [[interpolation]].

[[File:World.pdf|thumb|A world map in PDF format.]]

For example:
* Typically (2) applies to a [[Portable Document Format]] (PDF) file or other format based on [[vector graphics]]. The increase in detail is limited to the information contained in the file: enlargement of a curve may eventually result in a series of standard geometric figures such as straight lines, arcs of circles, or [[spline (mathematics)|splines]].
* (2) may apply to text and (3) to the outline of a map feature such as a forest or building.
* (1) may apply to the text as needed (displaying labels for more features), while (2) applies to the rest of the image.  Text is not necessarily enlarged when zooming in. Similarly, a road represented by a double line may or may not become wider when one zooms in.
* The map may also have layers that are partly [[raster graphics]] and partly [[vector graphics]].  For a single raster graphics image (2) applies until the pixels in the image file correspond to the pixels of the display, thereafter (3) applies.

===Climatic{{anchor|Climate}}===
[[File:Geography of Ohio - DPLA - aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14 (page 27) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Mean Annual Temperature map of Ohio from ''Geography of Ohio'' 1923]]
The maps that reflect the territorial distribution of [[climate|climatic]] conditions based on the results of long-term observations are called ''climatic maps''.<ref>{{Citation |date=2010 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_1966 |work=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning |pages=136 |editor-last=Evert |editor-first=Klaus-Jürgen |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_1966 |isbn=978-3-540-76455-7 |access-date=2023-01-25 |editor2-last=Ballard (deceased) |editor2-first=Edward B. |editor3-last=Elsworth |editor3-first=David J. |editor4-last=Oquiñena |editor4-first=Icíar |title=833 climatic map &#91;n&#93; }}</ref> These maps can be compiled both for individual climatic features (temperature, precipitation, humidity) and for combinations of them at the earth's surface and in the upper layers of the atmosphere. Climatic maps show climatic features across a large region and permit values of climatic features to be compared in different parts of the region. When generating the map, [[spatial interpolation]] can be used to synthesize values where there are no measurements, under the assumption that conditions change smoothly.

Climatic maps generally apply to individual months and the year as a whole, sometimes to the four seasons, to the growing period, and so forth. On maps compiled from the observations of ground meteorological stations, atmospheric pressure is converted to sea level. Air temperature maps are compiled both from the actual values observed on the surface of the Earth and from values converted to sea level. The pressure field in the free atmosphere is represented either by maps of the distribution of pressure at different standard altitudes—for example, at every kilometer above sea level—or by maps of baric topography on which altitudes (more precisely geopotentials) of the main isobaric surfaces (for example, 900, 800, and 700 millibars) counted off from sea level are plotted. The temperature, humidity, and wind on aero climatic maps may apply either to standard altitudes or to the main isobaric surfaces.

Isolines are drawn on maps of such climatic features as the long-term mean values (of atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, total precipitation, and so forth) to connect points with equal values of the feature in question—for example, isobars for pressure, isotherms for temperature, and isohyets for precipitation. Isoamplitudes are drawn on maps of amplitudes (for example, annual amplitudes of air temperature—that is, the differences between the mean temperatures of the warmest and coldest month). Isanomals are drawn on maps of anomalies (for example, deviations of the mean temperature of each place from the mean temperature of the entire latitudinal zone). Isolines of frequency are drawn on maps showing the frequency of a particular phenomenon (for example, the annual number of days with a thunderstorm or snow cover). Isochrones are drawn on maps showing the dates of onset of a given phenomenon (for example, the first frost and appearance or disappearance of the snow cover) or the date of a particular value of a meteorological element in the course of a year (for example, passing of the mean daily air temperature through zero). Isolines of the mean numerical value of wind velocity or isotachs are drawn on wind maps (charts); the wind resultants and directions of prevailing winds are indicated by arrows of different lengths or arrows with different plumes; lines of flow are often drawn. Maps of the zonal and meridional components of wind are frequently compiled for the free atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure and wind are usually combined on climatic maps. Wind roses, curves showing the distribution of other meteorological elements, diagrams of the annual course of elements at individual stations, and the like are also plotted on climatic maps.

Maps of climatic regionalization, that is, division of the earth's surface into climatic zones and regions according to some classification of climates, are a special kind of climatic map.

Climatic maps are often incorporated into climatic atlases of varying geographic ranges (globe, hemispheres, continents, countries, oceans) or included in comprehensive atlases. Besides general climatic maps, applied climatic maps and atlases have great practical value. Aero climatic maps, aero climatic atlases, and agro climatic maps are the most numerous.

===Extraterrestrial===
Maps exist of the [[Solar System]], and other cosmological features such as [[star map]]s. In addition maps of other bodies such as the Moon and other planets are technically not ''[[geospatial|geo]]''graphical maps.
[[Floor map]]s are also spatial but not necessarily geospatial.

===Topological===
{{Main|Topological map}}
[[File:Inventory Locations Represented as a Map.png|thumb|upright=1.3|In a [[topological map]], like this one showing inventory locations, the distances between locations are not important. Only the layout and connectivity between them matters.]]
Diagrams such as [[schematic diagram]]s and [[Gantt chart]]s and [[treemap|tree map]]s display logical relationships between items, rather than geographic relationships. [[Topological]] in nature, only the connectivity is significant. The [[London Underground map]] and similar subway maps around the world are a common example of these maps.

===General===
General-purpose maps provide many types of information on one map. Most atlas maps, wall maps, and road maps fall into this category. The following are some features that might be shown on general-purpose maps: bodies of water, roads, railway lines, parks, elevations, towns and cities, political boundaries, latitude and longitude, national and provincial parks. These maps give a broad understanding of the location and features of an area.  The reader may gain an understanding of the type of landscape, the location of urban places, and the location of major transportation routes all at once.

===Extremely large maps===
====The Great Polish Map of Scotland====
[[File:The Great Polish Map of Scotland.JPG|thumb|The Great Polish Map of Scotland at Barony Castle, Scotland]]
Polish general [[Stanisław Maczek]] had once been shown an impressive outdoor map of land and water in the Netherlands demonstrating the working of the waterways (which had been an obstacle to the Polish forces progress in 1944). This had inspired Maczek and his companions to create [[Great Polish Map of Scotland]] as a 70-ton permanent three-dimensional reminder of Scotland's hospitality to his compatriots. In 1974, the coastline and relief of Scotland were laid out by Kazimierz Trafas, a Polish student geographer-planner, based on existing Bartholomew Half-Inch map sheets. Engineering infrastructure was put in place to surround it with a sea of water and at the General's request some of the main rivers were even arranged to flow from headwaters pumped into the mountains. The map was finished in 1979, but had to be restored between 2013 and 2017.<ref>Mapa Scotland. [http://www.mapascotland.org/story-of-the-map/ ''Story of the Map''].</ref>

====Challenger Relief Map of British Columbia====
The Challenger Relief Map of [[British Columbia]] is a hand-built topographic map of the province, 80 feet by 76 feet. Built by George Challenger and his family from 1947 to 1954, it features all of B.C.'s mountains, lakes, rivers and valleys in exact-scaled topographical detail. Residing in the British Columbia Pavilion at the [[Pacific National Exhibition]] (PNE) in Vancouver from 1954 to 1997 it was viewed by millions of visitors. The [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]] cites the Challenger Map as the largest of its kind in the world. The map in its entirety occupies 6,080 square feet (1,850 square metres) of space. It was disassembled in 1997; there is a project to restore it in a new location.<ref>[https://challengermap.ca/ The Challenger Relief Map of British Columbia].</ref>

====Relief map of Guatemala====
[[File:Mapa en Relieve de Guatemala.jpg|thumb|Mapa en Relieve de Guatemala]]
The [[Relief map of Guatemala]] was made by Francisco Vela in 1905 and still exists. This map (horizontal scale 1:10,000; vertical scale 1:2,000) measures 1,800 m<sup>2</sup>, and was created to educate children in the scape of their country.<ref>''Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen'', annual 72, 1926, pp. 212–214.</ref>

===List===
{{Div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Aeronautical chart]]
* [[Atlas]]
* [[Cadastre#Cadastral map|Cadastral map]]
* [[#Climatic maps|Climatic map]]
* [[Geological map]]
* [[History of cartography|Historical map]]
* [[Linguistic map]]
* [[Nautical map]]
* [[#Map types and projections|Physical map]]
* [[Political map]]
* [[Terrain cartography|Relief map]]
* [[Resource map]]
* [[Road map]]
* [[Star map]]
* [[Street map]]
* [[Thematic map]]
* [[Topographic map]]
* [[Train track map]]
* [[Transit map]]
* [[Weather map]]
* [[World map]]
{{Div col end}}