Editing March First Movement (section)

== Spread ==
That same day, similar protests were held in other cities in Korea, including in [[Pyongyang]], [[Chinnamp'o]], [[Anju, South Pyongan|Anju]], and [[Wonsan]]. Despite Japanese repression of information, news of the protest in Seoul reached these cities quickly, as they were connected to Seoul via the [[Gyeongui Line (1904–1945)|Gyeongui]] and [[Gyeongwon Line (1911–1945)|Gyeongwon]] railway lines.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> On March 2, more protests were held in [[Kaesong]] and [[Keiki-dō]] ([[Gyeonggi Province]]). On March 3, more were held in [[Yesan County|Yesan]] and [[Chūseinan-dō]] ([[South Chungcheong Province]]). Protests continued to spread in this fashion, until by March 19, all thirteen [[provinces of Korea]] had hosted protests. On March 21, [[Jeju Island]] held their first protest.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> All but seven of the 218 administrative districts in Korea hosted protests.<ref name="Japan Focus" />

Various locations often hosted multiple protests for weeks afterwards.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> Numerous small villages hosted three or four protests.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> For example, [[Hoengseong Independence Movement|Hoengseong County held a series of protests]] from March 27 to mid-April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=김 |first=영인 |date=2019-01-03 |script-title=ko:횡성 4·1만세운동 공원 호국 성지화 사업 추진 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190103072900062 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko |archive-date=April 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429212205/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190103072900062 |url-status=live }}</ref> Protests often coincided with market days, and were often held at government offices.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> The protests were broadly supported across economic and religious spectrums, including groups such as merchants, noblemen, literati, ''[[kisaeng]]'', laborers, monks, Christians, Cheondoists, Buddhists, students, and farmers.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" />
[[File:(Red Cross pamphlet on March 1st Movement) (KADA-shyun15-012~26).jpg|thumb|Korean shops closing in solidarity with the protest (1919)]]Korean shop owners reportedly closed their doors in solidarity with the protests, with some reportedly refusing to reopen even after Japanese soldiers attempted to force them to. Some shop owners demanded the release of imprisoned protestors.<ref name="YNA 2019 3">{{Cite web |last=차 |first=병섭 |date=2019-02-14 |script-title=ko:[외신속 3·1 운동] ③ 상하이서 첫 '타전'…은폐 급급하던 日, 허 찔렸다 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190214084600097 |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko}}</ref>

=== Character of the protests ===
The protests were decentralized and diverse.<ref name=":6" /> The diversity in the protests was influenced by local culture and religion. In some regions, Christians played a more significant role in organizing protests, and in others Cheondoists were more significant. The scholar Kim Jin-bong argued that Christians played a larger role in regions with more developed transportation, and Cheondoists in regions with less developed transportation.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> According to one estimate, 17% of arrests made during the protests were of Christians, when they composed less than 1% of the population.{{Sfn|Palmer|2020|pp=|p=202}} 58.4% of arrests were of peasants, and 3.9% were of laborers.{{Sfn|Shin|2018|p=141}}

The [[Pyongan Province|Pyongan region]] played what historian [[Michael Shin (historian)|Michael Shin]] argued was an outsized role in the protests. Many of the movement's earliest protests were in the region, and a plurality of the signers were from there (11 of the 33). This region contained the second-largest city in Korea Pyongyang, was a center of Christianity, and produced a large number of intellectuals.{{Sfn|Shin|2018|pp=21–23}} [[North Hamgyong Province]] was the last province to join the protests;<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> they began on March 10.<ref name=":7" /> Its protests have been characterized as less intense than others, possibly due to transportation being less developed there, as well as security being tighter due to it being on the border with both Russia and China.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> In addition, the ratio of Japanese security forces to civilians was lower in the area.<ref name=":7" /> In [[Chūseihoku-dō]] ([[North Chungcheong Province]]) and Chūseinan-dō, some radical groups attacked and destroyed Japanese government offices and police stations. [[Zenrahoku-dō]] ([[North Jeolla Province]]) had protests that have been characterized as less intense than others. This has been attributed to the region being relatively depleted after having previously heavily participated in the 1894–1895 [[Donghak Peasant Revolution]] and subsequent [[Righteous armies|righteous army]] conflicts. In this province and in [[Zenranan-dō]] ([[South Jeolla Province]]), students often played a significant role in protests.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" />

Women both led and participated in many of the protests. A group of female students wrote a public letter entitled "From Korean School Girls" to world leaders that was reprinted in international newspapers. The role of women in the protests was hailed by international feminist observers, and described as a milestone in their changing social status, especially in contrast to [[Women in Joseon|their status during the conservative Joseon period]].<ref name="YNA 2019 7">{{Cite web |last=임 |first=주영 |date=2019-02-18 |script-title=ko:[외신속 3·1운동] ⑦ WP "선언문 든 소녀의 손 잘라내"…日편들던 워싱턴 '충격' |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190216018300071 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko |archive-date=May 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501221406/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190216018300071 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Korean diaspora protests ===
==== Manchuria ====
{{Main article|March First Movement in Longjing}}
[[File:Longjing Manse Movement.jpg|thumb|247x247px|The Longjing Manse Movement (March 13, 1919)]]
On March 7, [[Koreans in China|Koreans in Manchuria]] learned of the movement. They held a large protest in [[Longjing, Jilin|Longjing]] on March 13. Estimates of the number of protestors vary, although some put the number of protestors at around 20,000 to 30,000.<ref name="EncyKorea Longjing">{{Citation |last=김 |first=광재 |title=3·13반일시위운동 (三·一三反日示威運動) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0077982 |access-date=2024-04-03 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko |archive-date=May 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527034944/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0077982 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WorldKorean Manchuria 7"/><ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> This was around 10% of the total Korean population of the region at the time.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efolgsDbYVc |script-title=ko:3월 13일, 간도 용정에서 대규모 만세시위가 벌어지다 |date=February 6, 2019 |language=ko |publisher=[[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]]역사저널 그날 |trans-title=March 13, a large Manse Movement protest breaks out in Longjing, Jiandao |access-date=2024-04-03 |via=[[YouTube]]|time=1:30}}</ref> One person, who had sent her son to the protest, later recalled what she had heard of it:<ref name="WorldKorean Manchuria 7">{{Cite web |last=안 |first=상경 |date=2022-03-11 |script-title=ko:[아! 만주⑰] 용정 3.13반일의사릉: 만주에서 울린 그 날의 함성을 기억하다 |url=http://www.worldkorean.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=43200 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=월드코리안뉴스 |language=ko}}</ref>{{Efn|저녁 때 들으니 사방에서 인사들이 소식을 듣고 모여 인산인해를 이루었다고 한다. 정오 종소리에 맞춰 용정 부근 서전대야에 큰 조선독립 깃발을 세우고 사람마다 태극기를 들고 조선독립만세를 부르며 독립을 선언했다. 깃발은 해를 가리고 함성은 우레와 같았다. 이를 본 왜인의 얼굴색이 잿빛으로 변했다.}}
{{Blockquote|text=I heard that a large crowd of people gathered from all over to hear the news. After the noon bell finished ringing, a large flag celebrating Korea's independence was unfurled. Everyone raised their own flags and shouted "long live Korean independence". The flag blocked the sun, and the shouting echoed like thunder. When the Japanese authorities saw this, their faces turned ashen.<ref name="WorldKorean Manchuria 7" />}}
Japanese authorities pressured the Chinese warlord [[Zhang Zuolin]] into suppressing the protest. This resulted in around 17 to 19 deaths.<ref name="EncyKorea Longjing"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=윤 |first=병석 |script-title=ko:북간도지역 한인 민족운동 |date=2008 |publisher=독립기념관 한국독립운동사연구소 |isbn=9788993026658 |pages=173 |language=ko}}</ref><ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> Like in Korea, the Koreans continued to hold protests for weeks afterwards; by mid-May they would host at least 50 more.<ref name="WorldKorean Manchuria 7" />

==== Russia ====
{{See also|Koryo-saram#History|Sinhanch'on#Korean independence movement}}

Koreans in Russia also learned of the protests, and began organizing their own. In [[Ussuriysk]], a protest was held and suppressed on March 17. The [[Russian Empire]] and the Empire of Japan had been part of the [[Allies of World War I]], and had signed agreements to suppress the Korean independence movement. Inspired by the Ussuriysk protest, the Koreans of the enclave Sinhanch'on in [[Vladivostok]] launched their own that same day, which was also suppressed. They launched another the following day.<ref name="donga.com">{{Cite web |last=안 |first=영배 |date=2020-01-18 |script-title=ko:두만강 건너간 한인들이 세운 '신한촌'… 해외 독립운동 상징으로 |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Culture/article/all/20200118/99276233/1 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=[[The Dong-A Ilbo]] |language=ko |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401203725/https://www.donga.com/news/Culture/article/all/20200118/99276233/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Moscow]] on August 12, a public rally in support of the March First Movement was held, and was reportedly attended by around 200 people, including at least one Soviet politician. The rally was left-leaning; its speakers, including an ethnic Korean [[Red Army]] officer (likely [[Yi Ouitjyong]]), interpreted the movement in a socialist framework and advocated for Koreans to ally with the Soviet Union and fight Japan.<ref name="YNA 2019 8" />

==== United States ====
[[Korean immigration to Hawaii|Koreans in Hawaii]] organized an impromptu meeting upon hearing of the protests that was attended by around 600. A followup meeting dubbed the [[First Korean Congress]] was symbolically held in [[Philadelphia]], which they viewed as "the cradle of liberty" in the U.S. They sent statements to President Wilson, but were ignored.{{Sfn|Palmer|2020|pp=199–200}}