Editing Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (section)

=== Clinical scales ===
The original clinical scales were designed to measure common diagnoses of the era.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number
! Abbreviation
! Name
! Description<ref name= "mmpi_clinical">{{cite web |title=Interpretation of MMPI-2 Clinical Scales |url=https://www.upress.umn.edu/test-division/mtdda/webdocs/mmpi-2-training-slides/interpretation-of-mmpi-2-clinical-scales |website=University of Minnesota Press |date=2015}}</ref>
! No. of items
|-
| 1
| Hs
| [[Hypochondriasis]]
| Concern with bodily symptoms
| 32
|-
| 2
| D
| [[Depression (mood)|Depression]]
| Depressive symptoms
| 57
|-
| 3
| Hy
| [[Hysteria]]
| Awareness of problems and vulnerabilities
| 60
|-
| 4
| Pd
| [[Psychopathy|Psychopathic Deviate]]
| Conflict, struggle, anger, respect for society's rules
| 50
|-
| 5
| MF
| [[Masculinity]]/[[Femininity]]
| Stereotypical masculine or feminine interests/behaviors
| 56
|-
| 6
| Pa
| [[Paranoia]]
| Level of trust, suspiciousness, sensitivity
| 40
|-
| 7
| Pt
| [[Psychasthenia]]
| Worry, anxiety, tension, doubts, obsessiveness
| 48
|-
| 8
| Sc
| [[Schizophrenia]]
| Odd thinking and social alienation
| 78
|-
| 9
| Ma
| [[Hypomania]]
| Level of excitability
| 46
|-
| 0
| Si
| Social [[Introversion]]
| People orientation
| 69
|}

==== Code types ====
Code types are a combination of the two or three (and, according to a few authors, even four) highest-scoring clinical scales (e.g. 4, 8, 6 = 486). Code types are interpreted as a single, wider ranged elevation, rather than interpreting each scale individually. For profiles without defined code types, interpretation should focus on the individual scales.
<ref name= "mmpi_clinical" />

==== Psychopathic Deviate ====
This scale comes from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), where 50 statements compose the Psychopathic Deviate subscale. The 50 statements must be answered in true or false format as applied to one's self.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Skeem|first1=Jennifer L.|last2=Polaschek|first2=Devon L. L.|last3=Patrick|first3=Christopher J.|last4=Lilienfeld|first4=Scott O.|date=December 2011|title=Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1529100611426706|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=95–162|doi=10.1177/1529100611426706|pmid=26167886|s2cid=8521465|issn=1529-1006|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The Psychopathic Deviate scale measures general social maladjustment and the absence of strongly pleasant experiences. The items on this scale tap into complaints about family and authority figures in general, self-alienation, social alienation and boredom.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Psychopathic Deviate Scale (PD)|url=https://arc.psych.wisc.edu/self-report/psychopathic-deviate-scale-pd/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Addiction Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref>

When diagnosing psychopathy, the MMPI-2's Psychopathic Deviate scale is considered one of the traditional personality tests that contain subscales relating to psychopathy, though they assess relatively non-specific tendencies towards antisocial or criminal behavior.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-17|title=Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)|url=https://psychcentral.com/lib/minnesota-multiphasic-personality-inventory-mmpi|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Psych Central|language=en}}</ref>

====Clinical subscales====
The clinical scales are heterogeneous for their item content. To assist clinicians in interpreting the scales, researchers have developed subscales of more homogeneous items within each scale. The ''Harris–Lingoes (1955)'' scales was one of the most widely used results of this approach<ref>{{cite book |title=Health Status of Vietnam Veterans, Volume IV: Psychological and Neuropsychological Evaluation |year=1989 |publisher=[[Center for Disease Control]] |page=164 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/veterans/pdfs/volumeiv/PsychologicalandNeuropsychologicalEvaluation4_5.pdf}}</ref> and were included in the MMPI-2<ref>{{cite web |title=MMPI-2 scales |url=https://www.upress.umn.edu/test-division/mmpi-2/mmpi-2-scales |website=University of Minnesota Press}}</ref> and MMPI-A.<ref>{{cite web |title=MMPI-A scales |url=https://www.upress.umn.edu/test-division/mmpi-a/mmpi-a-scales |website=University of Minnesota Press}}</ref>