Editing Modernization theory (section)

===Dependency theory===
One alternative model is [[dependency theory]]. It emerged in the 1950s and argues that the underdevelopment of poor nations in the Third World derived from systematic [[imperialism|imperial]] and [[neocolonialism|neo-colonial]] exploitation of raw materials.<ref>Abhijeet Paul, "Dependency theory." in John Mackenzie, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of Empire'' (2016) {{doi|10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe242}}</ref> Its proponents argue that resources typically flow from a "periphery" of poor and [[Developing country|underdeveloped states]] to a "core" of [[Developed country|wealthy states]], enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It is a central contention of dependency theorists such as [[Andre Gunder Frank]] that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the "[[world system]]".<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Patrick |editor-last=Manning |editor2-first=Barry K. |editor2-last=Gills |title=Andre Gunder Frank and global development: visions, remembrances, and explorations |publisher=Routledge |year=2013}}</ref>

Dependency models arose from a growing association of southern hemisphere nationalists (from Latin America and Africa) and Marxists.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Tony |last=Smith |title=The underdevelopment of development literature: the case of dependency theory |journal=World Politics |volume=31 |issue=2 |year=1979 |pages=247–88 |doi=10.2307/2009944 |jstor=2009944 |s2cid=16643810 }}</ref> It was their reaction against modernization theory, which held that all societies progress through similar stages of development, that today's underdeveloped areas are thus in a similar situation to that of today's developed areas at some time in the past, and that, therefore, the task of helping the underdeveloped areas out of poverty is to accelerate them along this supposed common path of development, by various means such as investment, technology transfers, and closer integration into the world market. Dependency theory rejected this view, arguing that underdeveloped countries are not merely primitive versions of developed countries, but have unique features and structures of their own; and, importantly, are in the situation of being the weaker members in a world [[market economy]].<ref>Newschool, [http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/schools/develop.htm "Economic Development"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714063027/http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/schools/develop.htm |date=2009-07-14}}, retrieved July 2009.</ref>