Editing Motion perception (section)

==Cognitive map==
A [[cognitive map]] is a type of mental representation which serves an individual to acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their spatial environment.
<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=Kitchin RM | title=Cognitive Maps: What Are They and Why Study Them? | journal=[[Journal of Environmental Psychology]] | year=1994 | volume=14 | issue=1 | pages=1–19 | doi=10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80194-X| url=http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/5405/1/RK_cognitive%20maps.pdf | type=Submitted manuscript }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|  vauthors = O'Keefe J | title=The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map|year=1978| publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0198572060}}</ref> [[Place cell]]s work with other types of [[neurons]] in the [[hippocampus]] and surrounding regions of the brain to perform this kind of spatial processing,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Muir GM, Bilkey DK | title = Instability in the place field location of hippocampal place cells after lesions centered on the perirhinal cortex | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 4016–25 | date = June 2001 | pmid = 11356888 | pmc = 6762702 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-11-04016.2001 }}</ref> but the ways in which they function within the hippocampus are still being researched.<ref name="Redei 2008 1501">{{cite book| vauthors = Redei G |title=Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics, and Informatics|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediagene02rdei|url-access=limited|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4020-6753-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediagene02rdei/page/n1185 1501]|publisher=Springer }}.</ref>

Many species of mammals can keep track of spatial location even in the absence of visual, auditory, olfactory, or tactile cues, by integrating their movements—the ability to do this is referred to in the literature as [[path integration]]. A number of theoretical models have explored mechanisms by which path integration could be performed by [[artificial neural network|neural network]]s. In most models, such as those of Samsonovich and McNaughton (1997)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Samsonovich A, McNaughton BL | title = Path integration and cognitive mapping in a continuous attractor neural network model | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 17 | issue = 15 | pages = 5900–20 | date = August 1997 | pmid = 9221787 | pmc = 6573219 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-15-05900.1997 | doi-access = free }}</ref> or Burak and Fiete (2009),<ref name=Burak2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burak Y, Fiete IR | title = Accurate path integration in continuous attractor network models of grid cells | journal = PLOS Computational Biology | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = e1000291 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19229307 | pmc = 2632741 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000291 | veditors = Sporns O | arxiv = 0811.1826 | bibcode = 2009PLSCB...5E0291B | doi-access = free }}</ref> the principal ingredients are (1) an internal representation of position, (2) internal representations of the speed and direction of movement, and (3) a mechanism for shifting the encoded position by the right amount when the animal moves. Because cells in the [[Entorhinal cortex|Medial Entorhinal Cortex (MEC)]] encode information about position ([[grid cells]]<ref name=Hafting2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hafting T, Fyhn M, Molden S, Moser MB, Moser EI | title = Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex | journal = Nature | volume = 436 | issue = 7052 | pages = 801–6 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 15965463 | doi = 10.1038/nature03721 | s2cid = 4405184 | bibcode = 2005Natur.436..801H }}</ref>) and movement ([[head direction cells]] and conjunctive position-by-direction cells<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sargolini F, Fyhn M, Hafting T, McNaughton BL, Witter MP, Moser MB, Moser EI | title = Conjunctive representation of position, direction, and velocity in entorhinal cortex | journal = Science | volume = 312 | issue = 5774 | pages = 758–62 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16675704 | doi = 10.1126/science.1125572 | doi-access =  | bibcode = 2006Sci...312..758S | s2cid = 263378884 }}</ref>), this area is currently viewed as the most promising candidate for the place in the brain where path integration occurs.