Editing National library (section)

===Expansion===
The first national library to establish in the Americas became the [[National Library of Colombia]] having been founded on 9 January 1777, as the ''Real Biblioteca'' by [[Manuel Antonio Flórez]], the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|Viceroy of New Granada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bibliotecanacional.gov.co/es-co/Footer/biblioteca-nacional-de-colombia/quienes-somos/historia|title = Historia}}</ref>

In the newly formed American republic, [[James Madison]] first proposed instituting a congressional library in 1783.<ref>Murray, Stuart. ''The Library: An Illustrated History'' (New York, Skyhouse Publishing, 2012): 155.</ref> The [[Library of Congress]] was established on 24 April 1800, when [[President of the United States|president]] [[John Adams]] signed an [[act of Congress]] providing for the transfer of the seat of government from [[Philadelphia]] to the new capital city of Washington. Part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 "for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress ... and for fitting up a suitable apartment for containing them." Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and three maps, was housed in the new [[United States Capitol|Capitol]].<ref name="loc history">{{cite web|title=Jefferson's Legacy • A Brief History of the Library of Congress|publisher=Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/legacy/loc.html|date=6 March 2006|access-date=14 January 2008}}</ref>

[[File:Vogel Załuski Library.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The [[Załuski Library]] of Poland was taken by Russia after the [[Partitions of Poland|country's partition]], and the collection formed the nucleus of the Russian [[National Library of Russia|Imperial Public Library]], established in 1795.]]
The [[National Library of Russia|Imperial Public Library]] was established in 1795 by [[Catherine the Great]], whose private collections included the domestic libraries of [[Voltaire]] and [[Diderot]], which she had purchased from their heirs. Voltaire's personal library is still one of the highlights of the collection. The plan of a Russian public library was submitted to Catherine in 1766 but the Empress did not approve the project for the imperial library until {{OldStyleDate|27 May|1795|16 May}}, eighteen months before her death. The cornerstone of the foreign-language department came from the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in the form of [[Załuski's Library]] (420,000 volumes), nationalized by the Russian government at the [[Partitions of Poland|time of the partitions]].<ref>Малый энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона, published in the [[Imperial Russia]] in the early 1900s</ref> The Polish-language books from the library (numbering some 55,000 titles) were returned to [[Poland]] by the [[Russian SFSR]] in 1921.<ref name="GSE">[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]], 3rd. edition</ref>

Although Germany was only constituted as a state in 1871, the first national library was set up in the context of the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|German revolutions of 1848]]. Various booksellers and publishers offered their works to the [[Frankfurt Parliament]] for a parliamentary library. The library, led by Johann Heinrich Plath, was termed the ''Reichsbibliothek'' ("[[Reich]] library"). After the failure of the revolution the library was abandoned and the stock of books already in existence was stored at the [[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]] in Nuremberg.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Reichsbibliothek von 1848 |title=Handbuch der historischen Buchbestände in Deutschland |editor-first=Bernhard |editor-last=Fabian |publisher=Olms Neue Medien |location=Hildesheim |year=2003 |url=http://fabian.sub.uni-goettingen.de/?Reichsbibliothek_Von_1848}}</ref> In 1912, the town of Leipzig, seat of the annual Leipzig Book Fair, the [[Kingdom of Saxony]] and the Börsenverein der Deutschen Buchhändler (Association of German booksellers) agreed to found a [[German National Library]] in Leipzig. Starting 1 January 1913, all publications in German were systematically collected (including books from Austria and Switzerland).