Editing Neocortex (section)

==Evolution==
{{See also|Pallium (neuroanatomy)#Evolution}}
The neocortex is the newest part of the [[cerebral cortex]] to evolve (hence the prefix ''neo'' meaning new); the other part of the cerebral cortex is the [[allocortex]]. The cellular organization of the allocortex is different from the six-layered neocortex. In humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex and 76% of the entire brain is neocortex.<ref name="Noback; Strominger; Demarest; Ruggiero 2005"/>

For a species to develop a larger neocortex, the brain must evolve in size so that it is large enough to support the region. Body size, basal [[metabolic rate]] and life history are factors affecting brain evolution and the [[coevolution]] of neocortex size and group size.<ref name="pmid17301028">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dunbar RI, Shultz S | title = Understanding primate brain evolution | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 362 | issue = 1480 | pages = 649–58 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17301028 | pmc = 2346523 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2006.2001 }}</ref> The neocortex increased in size in response to pressures for greater cooperation and competition in early ancestors. With the size increase, there was greater voluntary inhibitory control of social behaviors resulting in increased social harmony.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Bjorklund D, Kipp K|title=Social cognition, inhibition, and theory of mind: The evolution of human intelligence|date=2002|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Publishers|location=Mahwah, NJ|isbn=0-8058-3267-X}}</ref>

The six-layer cortex appears to be a distinguishing feature of mammals; it has been found in the brains of all mammals, but not in any other animals.<ref name="Lui 2011"/> There is some debate,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jarvis ED, Güntürkün O, Bruce L, Csillag A, Karten H, Kuenzel W, Medina L, Paxinos G, Perkel DJ, Shimizu T, Striedter G, Wild JM, Ball GF, Dugas-Ford J, Durand SE, Hough GE, Husband S, Kubikova L, Lee DW, Mello CV, Powers A, Siang C, Smulders TV, Wada K, White SA, Yamamoto K, Yu J, Reiner A, Butler AB | display-authors = 6 | title = Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–9 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15685220 | pmc = 2507884 | doi = 10.1038/nrn1606 | author30 = Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reiner A, Perkel DJ, Bruce LL, Butler AB, Csillag A, Kuenzel W, Medina L, Paxinos G, Shimizu T, Striedter G, Wild M, Ball GF, Durand S, Güntürkün O, Lee DW, Mello CV, Powers A, White SA, Hough G, Kubikova L, Smulders TV, Wada K, Dugas-Ford J, Husband S, Yamamoto K, Yu J, Siang C, Jarvis ED, Gütürkün O, Lee DW, Mello CV, Powers A, White SA, Hough G, Kubikova L, Smulders TV, Wada K, Dugas-Ford J, Husband S, Yamamoto K, Yu J, Siang C, Jarvis ED, ((Avian Brain Nomenclature Forum)) | display-authors = 6 | title = Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei | journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology | volume = 473 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–414 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15116397 | pmc = 2518311 | doi = 10.1002/cne.20118 }}</ref> however, as to the cross-[[species]] nomenclature for ''neocortex''. In [[bird|avians]], for instance, there are clear examples of cognitive processes that are thought to be neocortical in nature, despite the lack of the distinctive six-layer neocortical structure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prior H, Schwarz A, Güntürkün O | title = Mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (Pica pica): evidence of self-recognition | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = e202 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18715117 | pmc = 2517622 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202 | editor1-first = Frans | editor1-last = De Waal | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite magazine |author=Alison Motluk |date=19 August 2008 |title=Mirror test shows magpies aren't so bird-brained |magazine=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14552-mirror-test-shows-magpies-arent-so-birdbrained.html |url-access=registration}}</ref> Evidence suggest the [[avian pallium]] to be broadly equivalent to the mammalian neocortex.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stacho |first1=Martin |last2=Herold |first2=Christina |last3=Rook |first3=Noemi |last4=Wagner |first4=Hermann |last5=Axer |first5=Markus |last6=Amunts |first6=Katrin |last7=Güntürkün |first7=Onur |date=2020-09-25 |title=A cortex-like canonical circuit in the avian forebrain |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc5534 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6511 |doi=10.1126/science.abc5534 |pmid=32973004 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nieder |first1=Andreas |last2=Wagener |first2=Lysann |last3=Rinnert |first3=Paul |date=September 25, 2020 |title=A neural correlate of sensory consciousness in a corvid bird |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb1447 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6511 |pages=1626–1629 |doi=10.1126/science.abb1447 |pmid=32973028 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1626N |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herculano-Houzel |first=Suzana |date=September 25, 2020 |title=Birds do have a brain cortex—and think |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe0536 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6511 |pages=1567–1568 |doi=10.1126/science.abe0536 |pmid=32973020 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1567H |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In a similar manner, [[reptile]]s, such as [[turtle]]s, have primary sensory cortices. A consistent, alternative name has yet to be agreed upon.