Editing Non-coding RNA (section)

====Cis-acting====

{{Main|Five prime untranslated region|Three prime untranslated region}}

A number of ncRNAs are embedded in the 5' [[Untranslated Region|UTRs]] (Untranslated Regions) of [[mRNA|protein coding genes]] and influence their expression in various ways. For example, a [[riboswitch]] can directly bind a [[Small molecule|small target molecule]]; the binding of the target affects the gene's activity.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

[[Attenuator (genetics)|RNA leader]] sequences are found upstream of the first gene of amino acid biosynthetic operons. These [[cis-regulatory element|RNA elements]] form one of two possible structures in regions encoding very short peptide sequences that are rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. A terminator structure forms when there is an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. When there is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure forms. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon. Known RNA leaders are [[Histidine operon leader]], [[Leucine operon leader]], [[Threonine operon leader]] and the [[Tryptophan operon leader]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

[[Iron response element]]s (IRE) are bound by [[Iron-responsive element binding protein|iron response proteins]] (IRP).  The IRE is found in UTRs of various [[mRNA]]s whose products are involved in [[iron metabolism]].  When iron concentration is low, IRPs bind the ferritin mRNA IRE leading to translation repression.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

[[Internal ribosome entry site]]s (IRES) are [[RNA structure]]s that allow for [[translation (genetics)|translation]] initiation in the middle of a mRNA sequence as part of the process of [[protein synthesis]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}